The European debate on Front-of-Pack Labels Public Health, Food Culture, and the Politics of Nutritional Information
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Published
08-04-2026
Antonello Podda
Alessandra Piccoli
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4101-4252
Abstract
Since the mid-twentieth century, global agri-food systems have been increasingly shaped by what McMichael defines as the corporate food regime, characterised by the commodification of food and the growing distance between production and consumption. In this context, nutritional labelling has emerged as a key policy instrument to address rising rates of overweight and obesity across Europe. This article argues that Front-of-Pack Labels (FoPLs) are not neutral technical devices based on universal nutritional science, but politically and culturally situated instruments of public action. Focusing on the controversy between France's Nutri-Score and Italy's NutrInform Battery, the article analyses how competing food cultures, economic interests, and epistemological assumptions about health shape national positions on food labelling. Drawing on food regime theory and the sociology of public policy instruments, the paper shows that the Italian resistance to Nutri-Score reflects broader concerns about the symbolic, territorial, and economic value of traditional foods, rather than purely technical disagreements over nutritional communication. The European debate on FoPLs thus reveals the inherently political nature of nutritional information and highlights the limits of standardised labelling as a standalone solution for promoting healthy and sustainable diets.
How to Cite
Podda, A. and Piccoli, A. (2026) “The European debate on Front-of-Pack Labels: Public Health, Food Culture, and the Politics of Nutritional Information”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 32(1), pp. 129–148. doi:10.48416/ijsaf.v31i1.746.
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Keywords
Front-of-Pack Labelling (FoPL), Nutrition Policy, Food Regimes, Political Sociology of Food, Public Policy Instruments, Nutri-Score
References
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Arenaza L, Huybrechts I, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, De Henauw S, Manios Y and Labayen I (2019) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in metabolically healthy and unhealthy overweight and obese European adolescents: The HELENA study. European Journal of Nutrition, 58, pp. 2615–2623.
Blacha LE (2024) Hunger, obesity and soy: The corporate agribusiness diet in Argentina. In: Constance DH and Loconto AM (eds) Agrifood Transitions in the Anthropocene: Challenges, Contested Knowledge, and the Need for Change.
Callon M (1998) An essay on framing and overflowing: Economic externalities revisited by sociology. In: Callon M (ed.) The Laws of the Markets. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 244–269.
Calvo-Porral C, Rivaroli S and Orosa-González J (2021) The influence of celebrity endorsement on food consumption behavior. Foods, 10(9), 2224.
Campbell H (2009) Breaking new ground in food regime theory: Corporate environmentalism, ecological feedbacks and the 'food from somewhere' regime. Agriculture and Human Values, 26(4), pp. 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-009-9215-8
Carruba MO, Caretto A, De Lorenzo A, Fatati G, Ghiselli A, Lucchin L and Nisoli E (2021) Front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems to improve the quality of nutrition information to prevent obesity: NutrInform Battery vs Nutri-Score. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, pp. 1–10.
Cochoy F (2002) Une sociologie du packaging, ou l'âne de Buridan face au marché. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Cochoy F (2004) Is the modern consumer a Buridan's donkey? Product packaging and consumer choice. In: Ekström KM and Brembeck H (eds) Elusive Consumption. London: Routledge.
Constance DH and Loconto AM (eds) (2024) Agrifood Transitions in the Anthropocene: Challenges, Contested Knowledge, and the Need for Change.
Egnell M, Talati Z, Gombaud M, Galan P, Hercberg S, Pettigrew S and Julia C (2019) Consumers' responses to front-of-pack nutrition labelling: Results from a sample from the Netherlands. Nutrients, 11, 1817.
European Commission (2014) Study on assessing the added value of PDO/PGI products. Final report. Available at: https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/ext-study-added-value-pdo-pgi-final-report_2013_en_0.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Eurostat (2024) Overweight and obesity - BMI statistics. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Fernandez-Alonso J, Lamas-Mendoza MDM, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Galloway SD and Gravina L (2024) Assessing the validity of front-of-pack nutrition labels for evaluating the healthiness of Mediterranean food choices: A global comparison. Nutrients, 16(17), 2925.
Finkelstein EA, Ang FJL, Doble B, Wong WHM and van Dam RM (2019) A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relative effectiveness of the multiple traffic light and Nutri-Score front of package nutrition labels. Nutrients, 11(9), 2236.
Finlay AH, Boyland EJ, Jones A, Langfield T, Bending E, Malhi MS and Robinson E (2024) Passive overconsumption? Limited evidence of compensation in meal size when consuming foods high in energy density: Two randomised crossover experiments. Appetite, 107533.
Ganderats-Fuentes M and Morgan S (2023) Front-of-package nutrition labeling and its impact on food industry practices: A systematic review of the evidence. Nutrients, 15(11), 2630.
Gardner P and Abrams B (eds) (2023) Symbolic Objects in Contentious Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11722857.6
Gassler B, Faesel CK and Moeser A (2023) Toward a differentiated understanding of the effect of Nutri‐Score nutrition labeling on healthier food choices. Agribusiness, 39(1), pp. 28–50.
Grunert KG, Fernández-Celemín L, Wills JM, Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann S and Nureeva L (2010) Use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels in six European countries. Journal of Public Health, 18, pp. 261–277.
Hawkins LK, Farrow C and Thomas JM (2020) Do perceived norms of social media users' eating habits and preferences predict our own food consumption and BMI? Appetite, 149, 104611.
Iotti M, Manghi E and Bonazzi G (2023) Financial performance of companies associated with the PDO Parma ham consortium: Analysis by quartile of firms. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 13.
Jayedi A, Soltani S, Abdolshahi A and Shab-Bidar S (2020) Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and the risk of chronic disease: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 124(11), pp. 1133–1144.
Kodali S and Telaprolu N (2018) Food label and its influence on consumer buying behavior: A review of research studies. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 7(6), pp. 386–390.
Lahti-Koski M, Helakorpi S, Olli M, Vartiainen E and Puska P (2012) Awareness and use of the Heart Symbol by Finnish consumers. Public Health Nutrition, 15(3), pp. 476–482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001100187X
Landovská P and Karbanová M (2023) Social costs of obesity in the Czech Republic. The European Journal of Health Economics, 24(8), pp. 1321–1341.
Lascoumes P and Le Galès P (2007) Introduction: Understanding public policy through its instruments—From the nature of instruments to the sociology of public policy instrumentation. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 20(1), pp. 1–21.
Loy JK, Seitz NN, Bye EK, Raitasalo K, Soellner R, Törrönen J and Kraus L (2021) Trends in alcohol consumption among adolescents in Europe: Do changes occur in concert? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109020.
Masocco M, Minardi V, Contoli B, Minelli G, Manno V, Cobellis L and Greco D (2023) Sovrappeso e obesità nella popolazione adulta in Italia: trend temporali, differenze socio-anagrafiche e regionali con focus sulla Regione Campania. Bollettino Epidemiologico Nazionale, 4(1), pp. 1–8.
Mazzù MF, Baccelloni A, Romani S and Andria A (2022) The role of trust and algorithms in consumers' front-of-pack labels acceptance: A cross-country investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 56(11), pp. 3107–3137.
Mazzù MF, Romani S, Baccelloni A and Gambicorti A (2021) A cross-country experimental study on consumers' subjective understanding and liking on front-of-pack nutrition labels. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 72(6), pp. 833–847.
McMichael P (2005) Global development and the corporate food regime. In: New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development, vol. 11. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 265–299.
McMichael P (2013) A food regime genealogy. In: Critical Perspectives in Rural Development Studies. Routledge, pp. 129–158.
McMichael P (2014) Rethinking land grab ontology. Rural Sociology, 79(1), pp. 34–55.
Méjean C, Macouillard P, Péneau S, Hercberg S and Castetbon K (2013) Perception of front-of-pack labels according to social characteristics, nutritional knowledge and food purchasing habits. Public Health Nutrition, 16(3), pp. 392–402.
Mertens E, Kuijsten A, Dofková M, Mistura L, D'Addezio L, Turrini A and Geleijnse JM (2019) Geographic and socioeconomic diversity of food and nutrient intakes: A comparison of four European countries. European Journal of Nutrition, 58, pp. 1475–1493.
Moholdt T and Stanford KI (2024) Exercised breastmilk: A kick-start to prevent childhood obesity? Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 35(1), pp. 23–30.
Otto S, Strenger M, Maier-Nöth A and Schmid M (2021) Food packaging and sustainability—Consumer perception vs. correlated scientific facts: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, 126733.
Penzavecchia C, Todisco P, Muzzioli L, Poli A, Marangoni F, Poggiogalle E and Donini LM (2022) The influence of front-of-pack nutritional labels on eating and purchasing behaviors: A narrative review of the literature. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(8), pp. 3037–3051.
Ritchie H and Roser M (2023) Alcohol consumption. OurWorldInData.org. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-consumption (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Shrestha A, Cullerton K, White KM, Mays J and Sendall M (2023) Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labelling on consumer understanding and use across socio-economic status: A systematic review. Appetite, 187, 106587.
Shut SV, Trybrat TA, Ivanytska TA, Goncharova OO and Katrychenko LO (2020) The public awareness of overweight and obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The Medical and Ecological Problems, 24(3–4), pp. 15–18.
Skotnicka M, Karwowska K, Kłobukowski F, Wasilewska E and Małgorzewicz S (2021) Habits before and during the COVID-19 epidemic in selected European countries. Nutrients, 13, 1690.
Stea TH, Nordheim O, Bere E, Stornes P and Eikemo TA (2020) Fruit and vegetable consumption in Europe according to gender, educational attainment and regional affiliation—A cross-sectional study in 21 European countries. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232521.
Stiletto A, Cei L and Trestini S (2023) A little bird told me... Nutri-Score panoramas from a flight over Europe, connecting science and society. Nutrients, 15(15), 3367.
Tahmassebi JF and Banihani AJ (2020) Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: A critical review. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 21, pp. 109–117.
Talati Z, Egnell M, Hercberg S, Julia C and Pettigrew S (2019) Consumers' perceptions of five front-of-package nutrition labels: An experimental study across 12 countries. Nutrients, 11, 1934.
Vandevijvere S, De Pauw R, Djojosoeparto S, Gorasso V, Guariguata L, Løvhaug AL and von Philipsborn P (2023) Upstream determinants of overweight and obesity in Europe. Current Obesity Reports, 12(4), pp. 417–428.
Vidra N, Trias-Llimós S and Janssen F (2019) Impact of obesity on life expectancy among different European countries: Secondary analysis of population-level data over the 1975–2012 period. BMJ Open, 9(7), e028086.
Wardle J and Cooke L (2005) The impact of obesity on psychological well-being. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19(3), pp. 421–440.
WHO (2004) Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/NCD-Global_Strategy_Diet_Physical-Activity_health_2004.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
WHO (2022) WHO European Regional Obesity Report 2022. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/353747/9789289057738-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Wu XY, Zhuang LH, Li W, Guo HW, Zhang JH, Zhao YK and Veugelers PJ (2019) The influence of diet quality and dietary behavior on health-related quality of life in the general population of children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Quality of Life Research, 28, pp. 1989–2015.
Arenaza L, Huybrechts I, Ortega FB, Ruiz JR, De Henauw S, Manios Y and Labayen I (2019) Adherence to the Mediterranean diet in metabolically healthy and unhealthy overweight and obese European adolescents: The HELENA study. European Journal of Nutrition, 58, pp. 2615–2623.
Blacha LE (2024) Hunger, obesity and soy: The corporate agribusiness diet in Argentina. In: Constance DH and Loconto AM (eds) Agrifood Transitions in the Anthropocene: Challenges, Contested Knowledge, and the Need for Change.
Callon M (1998) An essay on framing and overflowing: Economic externalities revisited by sociology. In: Callon M (ed.) The Laws of the Markets. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 244–269.
Calvo-Porral C, Rivaroli S and Orosa-González J (2021) The influence of celebrity endorsement on food consumption behavior. Foods, 10(9), 2224.
Campbell H (2009) Breaking new ground in food regime theory: Corporate environmentalism, ecological feedbacks and the 'food from somewhere' regime. Agriculture and Human Values, 26(4), pp. 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-009-9215-8
Carruba MO, Caretto A, De Lorenzo A, Fatati G, Ghiselli A, Lucchin L and Nisoli E (2021) Front-of-pack (FOP) labelling systems to improve the quality of nutrition information to prevent obesity: NutrInform Battery vs Nutri-Score. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, pp. 1–10.
Cochoy F (2002) Une sociologie du packaging, ou l'âne de Buridan face au marché. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Cochoy F (2004) Is the modern consumer a Buridan's donkey? Product packaging and consumer choice. In: Ekström KM and Brembeck H (eds) Elusive Consumption. London: Routledge.
Constance DH and Loconto AM (eds) (2024) Agrifood Transitions in the Anthropocene: Challenges, Contested Knowledge, and the Need for Change.
Egnell M, Talati Z, Gombaud M, Galan P, Hercberg S, Pettigrew S and Julia C (2019) Consumers' responses to front-of-pack nutrition labelling: Results from a sample from the Netherlands. Nutrients, 11, 1817.
European Commission (2014) Study on assessing the added value of PDO/PGI products. Final report. Available at: https://agriculture.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2021-04/ext-study-added-value-pdo-pgi-final-report_2013_en_0.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Eurostat (2024) Overweight and obesity - BMI statistics. Available at: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Overweight_and_obesity_-_BMI_statistics (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Fernandez-Alonso J, Lamas-Mendoza MDM, Rodriguez-Sanchez N, Galloway SD and Gravina L (2024) Assessing the validity of front-of-pack nutrition labels for evaluating the healthiness of Mediterranean food choices: A global comparison. Nutrients, 16(17), 2925.
Finkelstein EA, Ang FJL, Doble B, Wong WHM and van Dam RM (2019) A randomized controlled trial evaluating the relative effectiveness of the multiple traffic light and Nutri-Score front of package nutrition labels. Nutrients, 11(9), 2236.
Finlay AH, Boyland EJ, Jones A, Langfield T, Bending E, Malhi MS and Robinson E (2024) Passive overconsumption? Limited evidence of compensation in meal size when consuming foods high in energy density: Two randomised crossover experiments. Appetite, 107533.
Ganderats-Fuentes M and Morgan S (2023) Front-of-package nutrition labeling and its impact on food industry practices: A systematic review of the evidence. Nutrients, 15(11), 2630.
Gardner P and Abrams B (eds) (2023) Symbolic Objects in Contentious Politics. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3998/mpub.11722857.6
Gassler B, Faesel CK and Moeser A (2023) Toward a differentiated understanding of the effect of Nutri‐Score nutrition labeling on healthier food choices. Agribusiness, 39(1), pp. 28–50.
Grunert KG, Fernández-Celemín L, Wills JM, Storcksdieck genannt Bonsmann S and Nureeva L (2010) Use and understanding of nutrition information on food labels in six European countries. Journal of Public Health, 18, pp. 261–277.
Hawkins LK, Farrow C and Thomas JM (2020) Do perceived norms of social media users' eating habits and preferences predict our own food consumption and BMI? Appetite, 149, 104611.
Iotti M, Manghi E and Bonazzi G (2023) Financial performance of companies associated with the PDO Parma ham consortium: Analysis by quartile of firms. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 13.
Jayedi A, Soltani S, Abdolshahi A and Shab-Bidar S (2020) Healthy and unhealthy dietary patterns and the risk of chronic disease: An umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies. British Journal of Nutrition, 124(11), pp. 1133–1144.
Kodali S and Telaprolu N (2018) Food label and its influence on consumer buying behavior: A review of research studies. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 7(6), pp. 386–390.
Lahti-Koski M, Helakorpi S, Olli M, Vartiainen E and Puska P (2012) Awareness and use of the Heart Symbol by Finnish consumers. Public Health Nutrition, 15(3), pp. 476–482. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136898001100187X
Landovská P and Karbanová M (2023) Social costs of obesity in the Czech Republic. The European Journal of Health Economics, 24(8), pp. 1321–1341.
Lascoumes P and Le Galès P (2007) Introduction: Understanding public policy through its instruments—From the nature of instruments to the sociology of public policy instrumentation. Governance: An International Journal of Policy, Administration, and Institutions, 20(1), pp. 1–21.
Loy JK, Seitz NN, Bye EK, Raitasalo K, Soellner R, Törrönen J and Kraus L (2021) Trends in alcohol consumption among adolescents in Europe: Do changes occur in concert? Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 228, 109020.
Masocco M, Minardi V, Contoli B, Minelli G, Manno V, Cobellis L and Greco D (2023) Sovrappeso e obesità nella popolazione adulta in Italia: trend temporali, differenze socio-anagrafiche e regionali con focus sulla Regione Campania. Bollettino Epidemiologico Nazionale, 4(1), pp. 1–8.
Mazzù MF, Baccelloni A, Romani S and Andria A (2022) The role of trust and algorithms in consumers' front-of-pack labels acceptance: A cross-country investigation. European Journal of Marketing, 56(11), pp. 3107–3137.
Mazzù MF, Romani S, Baccelloni A and Gambicorti A (2021) A cross-country experimental study on consumers' subjective understanding and liking on front-of-pack nutrition labels. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 72(6), pp. 833–847.
McMichael P (2005) Global development and the corporate food regime. In: New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development, vol. 11. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 265–299.
McMichael P (2013) A food regime genealogy. In: Critical Perspectives in Rural Development Studies. Routledge, pp. 129–158.
McMichael P (2014) Rethinking land grab ontology. Rural Sociology, 79(1), pp. 34–55.
Méjean C, Macouillard P, Péneau S, Hercberg S and Castetbon K (2013) Perception of front-of-pack labels according to social characteristics, nutritional knowledge and food purchasing habits. Public Health Nutrition, 16(3), pp. 392–402.
Mertens E, Kuijsten A, Dofková M, Mistura L, D'Addezio L, Turrini A and Geleijnse JM (2019) Geographic and socioeconomic diversity of food and nutrient intakes: A comparison of four European countries. European Journal of Nutrition, 58, pp. 1475–1493.
Moholdt T and Stanford KI (2024) Exercised breastmilk: A kick-start to prevent childhood obesity? Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism, 35(1), pp. 23–30.
Otto S, Strenger M, Maier-Nöth A and Schmid M (2021) Food packaging and sustainability—Consumer perception vs. correlated scientific facts: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 298, 126733.
Penzavecchia C, Todisco P, Muzzioli L, Poli A, Marangoni F, Poggiogalle E and Donini LM (2022) The influence of front-of-pack nutritional labels on eating and purchasing behaviors: A narrative review of the literature. Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia, Bulimia and Obesity, 27(8), pp. 3037–3051.
Ritchie H and Roser M (2023) Alcohol consumption. OurWorldInData.org. Available at: https://ourworldindata.org/alcohol-consumption (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Shrestha A, Cullerton K, White KM, Mays J and Sendall M (2023) Impact of front-of-pack nutrition labelling on consumer understanding and use across socio-economic status: A systematic review. Appetite, 187, 106587.
Shut SV, Trybrat TA, Ivanytska TA, Goncharova OO and Katrychenko LO (2020) The public awareness of overweight and obesity as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The Medical and Ecological Problems, 24(3–4), pp. 15–18.
Skotnicka M, Karwowska K, Kłobukowski F, Wasilewska E and Małgorzewicz S (2021) Habits before and during the COVID-19 epidemic in selected European countries. Nutrients, 13, 1690.
Stea TH, Nordheim O, Bere E, Stornes P and Eikemo TA (2020) Fruit and vegetable consumption in Europe according to gender, educational attainment and regional affiliation—A cross-sectional study in 21 European countries. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232521.
Stiletto A, Cei L and Trestini S (2023) A little bird told me... Nutri-Score panoramas from a flight over Europe, connecting science and society. Nutrients, 15(15), 3367.
Tahmassebi JF and Banihani AJ (2020) Impact of soft drinks to health and economy: A critical review. European Archives of Paediatric Dentistry, 21, pp. 109–117.
Talati Z, Egnell M, Hercberg S, Julia C and Pettigrew S (2019) Consumers' perceptions of five front-of-package nutrition labels: An experimental study across 12 countries. Nutrients, 11, 1934.
Vandevijvere S, De Pauw R, Djojosoeparto S, Gorasso V, Guariguata L, Løvhaug AL and von Philipsborn P (2023) Upstream determinants of overweight and obesity in Europe. Current Obesity Reports, 12(4), pp. 417–428.
Vidra N, Trias-Llimós S and Janssen F (2019) Impact of obesity on life expectancy among different European countries: Secondary analysis of population-level data over the 1975–2012 period. BMJ Open, 9(7), e028086.
Wardle J and Cooke L (2005) The impact of obesity on psychological well-being. Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 19(3), pp. 421–440.
WHO (2004) Global Strategy on Diet, Physical Activity and Health. Available at: https://www.afro.who.int/sites/default/files/2017-06/NCD-Global_Strategy_Diet_Physical-Activity_health_2004.pdf (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
WHO (2022) WHO European Regional Obesity Report 2022. Available at: https://iris.who.int/bitstream/handle/10665/353747/9789289057738-eng.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 14 February 2025).
Wu XY, Zhuang LH, Li W, Guo HW, Zhang JH, Zhao YK and Veugelers PJ (2019) The influence of diet quality and dietary behavior on health-related quality of life in the general population of children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Quality of Life Research, 28, pp. 1989–2015.
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How to Cite
Podda, A. and Piccoli, A. (2026) “The European debate on Front-of-Pack Labels: Public Health, Food Culture, and the Politics of Nutritional Information”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 32(1), pp. 129–148. doi:10.48416/ijsaf.v31i1.746.