Framing Multifunctionality: Agricultural Policy Paradigm Change in South Korea and Japan?
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Published
Jan 10, 2007
Kiyohiko Sakamoto
Yong-ju Choi
Larry L. Burmeister
Abstract
In response to domestic sectoral adjustment and WTO regime pressures, policymakers in South Korea and Japan are proposing multifunctionality agricultural policy alternatives to traditional agricultural subsidy policies. Using discourse analysis of recent South Korean and Japanese agricultural policy documents to identify policy frames, significant differences are found in the two countries’ multifunctionality policy initiatives in terms of rural/agriculture sector development goals, present versus future orientation, and the scope of agri-food system applications. These differences are linked to variations in economic structure, political-institutional policymaking frameworks, and societal trajectory visions that currently characterize the agricultural/rural policymaking environment in the two countries.
How to Cite
Sakamoto, K. ., Choi, Y.- ju . and L. Burmeister, . L. . (2007) “Framing Multifunctionality: Agricultural Policy Paradigm Change in South Korea and Japan? ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 15(1), pp. 24–45. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v15i1.297.
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References
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Armesto López, Xosé A. and Belén Gómez Martin. 2006. “Tourism and Quality Agro-Food Products: An Opportunity for the Spanish Countryside.” Journal of Economic and Social Geography 97(2):166-177.
Bank of Korea. 2005. National Accounts. Seoul: the Bank of Korea.
Benford, Robert D. and David A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:611-639.
Best, Joel. 1989. Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems. New York Aldine de Gruyter.
Bray, Francesca. 1986. The Rice Economy: Technology and Development in Asian Societies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Brouwer, Floor, ed. 2004. Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment: Governance, Policy, and Multifunctionality. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Burmeister, Larry. 1999. “From Parastatal Control to Corporatist Intermediation: The Korean Agricultural Cooperative in Transition.” Pp. 110-138 in Corporatism and Korean Capitalism, edited by D. L. McNamara. New York: Routledge.
Burmeister, Larry. 2006. “Agricultural Cooperative Development and Change: A Window on South Korea’s Agrarian Transformation.” Pp. 64-86 in Yun-Shik Chang and Steven H. Lee, eds., Pursuing Modernity: Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea. London and New York: Routledge.
Cabinet Office of Japan. 2006. National Accounts for 2004. Tokyo: Cabinet Office of Japan. .
Choi, Yong Ju. 2004. “Regime Change, State Capacity, and Agricultural Transformation: An Analysis of Korea's Agricultural Policy.” Master’s thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Coleman, William D., Wyn Grant, and Timothy Edward Josling. 2004. Agriculture in the New Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy of Japan (JCEFP). 2001. Kongo no Keizai-zaisei-un-ei Oyobi Keizai-syaka No Kouzou-kaikaku Ni Kansuru Kihon-houshin (Structural Reform of the Japanese Economy: Basic Policies for Macroeconomic Management). Tokyo: JCEFP.
Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy of Japan (JCEFP). 2003. Keizai-zaisei-un-ei To Kouzou-kaikaku Ni Kansuru Kihon-houshin (Basic Policies for Economic and Fiscal Management and Structural Reform). Tokyo: JCEFP.
Evans, Nick, Carol Morris, and Michael Winter. 2002. “Conceptualizing Agriculture: A Critique of Post-Productivism as the New Orthodoxy.” Progress in Human Geography 26(3):313-332.
Gasper, Des and Raymond Apthorpe. 1996. “Introduction: Discourse Analysis and Policy Discourse.” European Journal of Development Research 8(1):1-15.
George Mulgan, Aurelia. 2005. “Where Tradition Meets Change: Japan’s Agricultural Policies in Transition.” Journal of Japanese Studies 31(2):261-298.
Gilig, A. W. and M. Battershill. 1998. “Quality Farm Food in Europe: A Possible Alternative to the Industrialized Food Market and to Current Agri-Environmental Policies, Lessons from France.” Food Policy 23(1):25-40.
Goda, Motoyuki. 2005. “How is Multifunctionality Integrated into the Process of Policy-Making?” Pp. 375-386 in Global Economy and Sustainable Development of Agriculture in North East Asia. Tokyo: Proceedings of the Forum for Agricultural Policy Research in North East Asia (FANEA), The 3rd Annual FANAE International Symposium (October 25-26).
Hahm, Hanhee. 2005. “Rice and Koreans: Three Identities and Meanings.” Korea Journal 45(2):89-106.
Hall, Peter A. 1993. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25(3):275-296.
Hollander, Gail M. 2004. “Agricultural Trade Liberalization, Multifunctionality, and Sugar in the South Florida Landscape.” Geoforum 35:299-312.
Hundt, David. 2005. “A Legitimate Paradox: Neo-liberal Reform and the Return of the State in Korea.” The Journal of Development Studies 41(2):242-260.
Huylenbroeck, Guido van and Guy Durand, eds. 2003. Multifunctional Agriculture: A New Paradigm for European Agriculture and Rural Development. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Investigative Council on Basic Problems Concerning Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas, Tokyo: JMAFF, http://www.maff.go.jp/www/counsil/counsil_cont/kanbou/nouson_kihon.htm (accessed 02/01-2006).
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Kajii, Isao., 2001. “Nihon-teian No Igi To Nogyo No Tamenteki-kinou” (Significance of Japan’s Proposal for the WTO Negotiation and Multifunctions of Agriculture). Pp.1-15 in Nihon Nogyo Nenpou 48: WTO Nougyo Kosyou-no Gendankai-to Tamentekikinou (Annals of Japanese Agriculture 48: Current Situation of the WTO Agricultural Negotiations and Multifunctionality), edited by I. Kajii and S. Hattori. Tokyo: Association of Agriculture and Forestry Statistics.
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Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2d ed. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Knickel, Karlheinz and Henk Renting. 2000. “Methodological and Conceptual Issues in the Study of Multifunctionality and Rural Development.” Sociologia Ruralis 40(4):512-528.
Knowd, Ian. 2006. “Tourism as a Mechanism for Farm Survival.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(1):24-42.
Kolker, Emily S. 2004. “Framing as a Cultural Resource in Health Social Movements: Funding Activism and the Breast Cancer Movement in the US 1990-1993.” Sociology of Health and Illness 26(6):820-844.
Kong, Tat-Yan. 2000. The Politics of Economic Reform in South Korea: A Fragile Miracle. London & New York: Routledge.
Korea Development Institute (KDI). 2005. 2005-2009 Gukga Jaejeong Unyong Gyehaek: Nong-eoh Chon Bunya (2005-2009 National Budget Management Plan: Rural and Fishery Sectors) published by the Task Force for Rural and Fishery Sectors. Seoul: KDI.
Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO). 2005a. National Survey of the Labor Force. Seoul: KNSO.
Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO). 2005b. Population Statistics. Seoul: KNSO.
Korean Rural Economic Institute (KREI). 1999. Nong-up Nong-chon ei Yeock-hal ye Gwanhan Gukmin Ye-shik Chosa R-407 (A Survey of Public Attitudes about the Roles of Agriculture and the Rural Community). Seoul: KREI.
Korean Rural Economic Institute (KREI). 2004. Nong-up ei Dawonjeok Kinong e Gwanhan Gukmin Yeshik Chosa (A Survey of Public Attitudes about the Multi-Functionality of Agriculture). Seoul: KREI.
Korean Rural Economic Institute (KREI). 2005. Food Demand and Supply. Seoul: KREI.
Lockie, Stewart and Simon Kitto. 2000. “Beyond the Farm Gate: Production-consumption Networks and Agri-food Research.” Sociologia Ruralis 40(1):3-19.
Losch, Bruno. “Debating the Multifunctionality of Agriculture: From Trade Negotiations to Development Policies by the South.” Journal of Agrarian Change 4(3):336-360.
Marsden, Terry. 2003. The Condition of Rural Sustainability. Assen: Van Gorcum.
McCarthy, James. 2005. “Multifunctional Rural Geographies—Reactionary or Radical?” Progress in Human Geography 29(6):773-782.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2001. Syokuryou No Antei-kyoukyuu To Utsukushii Kunidzukuri Ni Muketa Juuten Puran (A Plan for Prioritizing Attainment of a Stable Food Supply and a Beautiful Nation). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2003. Mizuto Midorino ‘Bi No Sato’ Puran 21 (Plan 21 “Beauty Village” of Water and Green). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2004. Nougyo Kouzou Doutai Chousa (Survey of Movements in Agricultural Structure) (Summary). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2005a. Chuusankanchiikitou Chokusetsu Siharai Koufukin (Direct Payment Program for Mountainous Areas). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2005b. Syokuryoo Jukyuu Hyou 2004 (Food Balance Sheet FY2004). Tokyo: JMAFF. .
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2006. Sin Oorai No. 20 (New Coming and Going). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). n.d. Negotiating Proposal by Japan on WTO Agricultural Negotiations. Tokyo: JMAFF. http://www.maff.go.jp/wto/wto_nihon_teian_e.htm (accessed 10/17/06). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Korea (KMAF). 2005. Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture and Forestry. Seoul: KMAF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2004. Nong-up Nong-chon Chonghap Daechaek (Comprehensive Programs for Agriculture and Rural Communities). Seoul: KMAF.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan (JMIC). 2005a. Roudouryoku Chousa (Labor Force Survey). Tokyo: JMIC.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan (JMIC). 2005b. Jinkou Suikei Nenpou (Population Census and the Annual Report on Current Population Estimates). Tokyo: JMIC.
Nelson, Frederick, Edwin Young, Peter Liapis and Randall Schnepf. 2001. “WTO: Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.” Washington, DC: USDA-ERS Briefing Room.
Normile, Mary Anne and Mary Bohman. 2002. “Non-Trade Concerns: International Debate and U.S. Policy.” Agricultural Outlook (June-July) (USDA/ERS):14-17.
OECD. 2001. Multifunctionality: Toward an Analytic Framework. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2003. “Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: A Positive Reform Agenda.” Paris: OECD Observer (Policy Brief).
OECD. 2004. OEDC Agricultural Policies 2004 at a Glance. Paris: OECD.
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1993. Rice As Self: Japanese Identities Through Time. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Oshima, Harry T. 1986. “The Transition from an Agricultural to an Industrial Economy in East Asia.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 34(4):783-809.
Park, Dae-shik and Kyong-cheol Park. 2003. Nong-chon Ji-yeok Sahwe Byonhwa Donghang gwa Jeongmang (Trends and Prospects of Rural Community Change). Seoul: KREI.
Ploeg, Jan Douwe van der. 2006. “Agricultural Production in Crisis.” Pp. 258-277 in Paul Cloke, Terry Marsden, and Patrick H. Mooney, eds., Handbook of Rural Studies. London: Sage Publications.
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Rinehard and Company, Inc.
Potter, Clive and Jonathan Burney. 2002. “Agricultural Multifunctionality in the WTO—Legitimate Non-Trade Concern or Disguised Protectionism?” Journal of Rural Studies 18(1):35-47.
Potter, Clive and Matt Lobley. 2004. “Agricultural Restructuring and State Assistance: Competing or Complementary Rural Policy Paradigms?” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 6(1):3-18
Potter, Clive and Mark Tilzey. 2005. “Agricultural Policy Discourses in the European Post-Fordist Transition: Neoliberalism, Neomerchantilism, and Multifunctionality.” Progress in Human Geography 29(5):581-600.
Prime Minister’s Office of Japan (JPMO). 2000. Nousanbutsu Boueki Ni Kansuru Yoron Chousa (Public Opinion Survey on Trade of Agricultural Products). Tokyo: JPMO.
Ray, C. 1998. “Culture, Intellectual Property, and Territorial Rural Development.” Sociologia Ruralis 39:521-531.
Rein, Martin and Donald Schon. 1991. “Frame-Reflective Policy Discourse.” Pp. 262-289 in Social Sciences and Modern States: National Experiences and Theoretical Crossroads, edited by P. Wagner, C. Weiss, B. Wittrock, and H. Wollman. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sakuyama, Takumi. 2006. The Roles of Agriculture in Economic and Social Development: Project Approach and Emerging Lessons to Date. Rome: FAO, Roles of Agriculture Project Brief (Number 1, June).
Science Council of Japan. 2001. Chikyuu-kankyou, Ningen-seikatsu-ni-kakawaru Nougyu Oyobi Shinrin No Tamententeki-na-kinou No Hyouka-ni-tsuite (Evaluation of Multifunctions of Agriculture and Forestry Relevant to Human Life). Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
Shucksmith, M. 1993. “Farm Household Behaviour and the Transition to Post-Productivism.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 44:466-478.
Spector, Malcolm and John I. Kitsuse. 1977. Constructing Social Problems. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing Co., Inc.
Stearns, Linda Brewster and Paul D. Almeida. 2004. “The Formation of State Actor-Social Movement Coalitions and Favorable Policy Outcomes.” Social Problems 51(4):478-504.
Symes, D. 1991. “Changing Gender Roles in Productionist and Post-Productionist Capitalist Agriculture.” Journal of Rural Studies 7:85-90.
-------. 1992. “Agriculture, the State and Rural Society in Europe: Trends and Issues.” Sociologia Ruralis 32:193-208.
Ward, N. 1993. “The Agricultural Treadmill and the Rural Environment in the Post-Productivist Era.” Sociologia Ruralis 23:348-364.
Wilson, G. A. 2001. “From Productivism to Post-productivism ... and Back Again? Exploring the (Un)changed Natural and Mental Landscapes of European Agriculture.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26:77-102.
Armesto López, Xosé A. and Belén Gómez Martin. 2006. “Tourism and Quality Agro-Food Products: An Opportunity for the Spanish Countryside.” Journal of Economic and Social Geography 97(2):166-177.
Bank of Korea. 2005. National Accounts. Seoul: the Bank of Korea.
Benford, Robert D. and David A. Snow. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:611-639.
Best, Joel. 1989. Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems. New York Aldine de Gruyter.
Bray, Francesca. 1986. The Rice Economy: Technology and Development in Asian Societies. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Brouwer, Floor, ed. 2004. Sustaining Agriculture and the Rural Environment: Governance, Policy, and Multifunctionality. Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Burmeister, Larry. 1999. “From Parastatal Control to Corporatist Intermediation: The Korean Agricultural Cooperative in Transition.” Pp. 110-138 in Corporatism and Korean Capitalism, edited by D. L. McNamara. New York: Routledge.
Burmeister, Larry. 2006. “Agricultural Cooperative Development and Change: A Window on South Korea’s Agrarian Transformation.” Pp. 64-86 in Yun-Shik Chang and Steven H. Lee, eds., Pursuing Modernity: Transformations in Twentieth Century Korea. London and New York: Routledge.
Cabinet Office of Japan. 2006. National Accounts for 2004. Tokyo: Cabinet Office of Japan. .
Choi, Yong Ju. 2004. “Regime Change, State Capacity, and Agricultural Transformation: An Analysis of Korea's Agricultural Policy.” Master’s thesis, Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Coleman, William D., Wyn Grant, and Timothy Edward Josling. 2004. Agriculture in the New Global Economy. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing, Inc.
Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy of Japan (JCEFP). 2001. Kongo no Keizai-zaisei-un-ei Oyobi Keizai-syaka No Kouzou-kaikaku Ni Kansuru Kihon-houshin (Structural Reform of the Japanese Economy: Basic Policies for Macroeconomic Management). Tokyo: JCEFP.
Council on Economic and Fiscal Policy of Japan (JCEFP). 2003. Keizai-zaisei-un-ei To Kouzou-kaikaku Ni Kansuru Kihon-houshin (Basic Policies for Economic and Fiscal Management and Structural Reform). Tokyo: JCEFP.
Evans, Nick, Carol Morris, and Michael Winter. 2002. “Conceptualizing Agriculture: A Critique of Post-Productivism as the New Orthodoxy.” Progress in Human Geography 26(3):313-332.
Gasper, Des and Raymond Apthorpe. 1996. “Introduction: Discourse Analysis and Policy Discourse.” European Journal of Development Research 8(1):1-15.
George Mulgan, Aurelia. 2005. “Where Tradition Meets Change: Japan’s Agricultural Policies in Transition.” Journal of Japanese Studies 31(2):261-298.
Gilig, A. W. and M. Battershill. 1998. “Quality Farm Food in Europe: A Possible Alternative to the Industrialized Food Market and to Current Agri-Environmental Policies, Lessons from France.” Food Policy 23(1):25-40.
Goda, Motoyuki. 2005. “How is Multifunctionality Integrated into the Process of Policy-Making?” Pp. 375-386 in Global Economy and Sustainable Development of Agriculture in North East Asia. Tokyo: Proceedings of the Forum for Agricultural Policy Research in North East Asia (FANEA), The 3rd Annual FANAE International Symposium (October 25-26).
Hahm, Hanhee. 2005. “Rice and Koreans: Three Identities and Meanings.” Korea Journal 45(2):89-106.
Hall, Peter A. 1993. “Policy Paradigms, Social Learning, and the State: The Case of Economic Policymaking in Britain.” Comparative Politics 25(3):275-296.
Hollander, Gail M. 2004. “Agricultural Trade Liberalization, Multifunctionality, and Sugar in the South Florida Landscape.” Geoforum 35:299-312.
Hundt, David. 2005. “A Legitimate Paradox: Neo-liberal Reform and the Return of the State in Korea.” The Journal of Development Studies 41(2):242-260.
Huylenbroeck, Guido van and Guy Durand, eds. 2003. Multifunctional Agriculture: A New Paradigm for European Agriculture and Rural Development. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
Investigative Council on Basic Problems Concerning Food, Agriculture and Rural Areas, Tokyo: JMAFF, http://www.maff.go.jp/www/counsil/counsil_cont/kanbou/nouson_kihon.htm (accessed 02/01-2006).
Ilbery, B. and I. Bowler. 1998. “From Agricultural Productivism to Post-Productivism.” Pp. 57-84 in B. Ilbery, ed., The Geography of Rural Change. London: Longman.
Kajii, Isao., 2001. “Nihon-teian No Igi To Nogyo No Tamenteki-kinou” (Significance of Japan’s Proposal for the WTO Negotiation and Multifunctions of Agriculture). Pp.1-15 in Nihon Nogyo Nenpou 48: WTO Nougyo Kosyou-no Gendankai-to Tamentekikinou (Annals of Japanese Agriculture 48: Current Situation of the WTO Agricultural Negotiations and Multifunctionality), edited by I. Kajii and S. Hattori. Tokyo: Association of Agriculture and Forestry Statistics.
Kim, Jeong-Ho and Beong-Hun Lee. 2006. “Nong-up Gujo Byonghwa wa Jeongchaek Gwaje” (The Change of Agricultural Structure and Policy Implications). Pp 117-142 in Nong-up Chunmang 2006 (I) (Agricultural Prospect 2006 (I)). Seoul: Korean Rural Economic Institute.
Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies. 2d ed. New York: Harper Collins College Publishers.
Knickel, Karlheinz and Henk Renting. 2000. “Methodological and Conceptual Issues in the Study of Multifunctionality and Rural Development.” Sociologia Ruralis 40(4):512-528.
Knowd, Ian. 2006. “Tourism as a Mechanism for Farm Survival.” Journal of Sustainable Tourism 14(1):24-42.
Kolker, Emily S. 2004. “Framing as a Cultural Resource in Health Social Movements: Funding Activism and the Breast Cancer Movement in the US 1990-1993.” Sociology of Health and Illness 26(6):820-844.
Kong, Tat-Yan. 2000. The Politics of Economic Reform in South Korea: A Fragile Miracle. London & New York: Routledge.
Korea Development Institute (KDI). 2005. 2005-2009 Gukga Jaejeong Unyong Gyehaek: Nong-eoh Chon Bunya (2005-2009 National Budget Management Plan: Rural and Fishery Sectors) published by the Task Force for Rural and Fishery Sectors. Seoul: KDI.
Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO). 2005a. National Survey of the Labor Force. Seoul: KNSO.
Korea National Statistical Office (KNSO). 2005b. Population Statistics. Seoul: KNSO.
Korean Rural Economic Institute (KREI). 1999. Nong-up Nong-chon ei Yeock-hal ye Gwanhan Gukmin Ye-shik Chosa R-407 (A Survey of Public Attitudes about the Roles of Agriculture and the Rural Community). Seoul: KREI.
Korean Rural Economic Institute (KREI). 2004. Nong-up ei Dawonjeok Kinong e Gwanhan Gukmin Yeshik Chosa (A Survey of Public Attitudes about the Multi-Functionality of Agriculture). Seoul: KREI.
Korean Rural Economic Institute (KREI). 2005. Food Demand and Supply. Seoul: KREI.
Lockie, Stewart and Simon Kitto. 2000. “Beyond the Farm Gate: Production-consumption Networks and Agri-food Research.” Sociologia Ruralis 40(1):3-19.
Losch, Bruno. “Debating the Multifunctionality of Agriculture: From Trade Negotiations to Development Policies by the South.” Journal of Agrarian Change 4(3):336-360.
Marsden, Terry. 2003. The Condition of Rural Sustainability. Assen: Van Gorcum.
McCarthy, James. 2005. “Multifunctional Rural Geographies—Reactionary or Radical?” Progress in Human Geography 29(6):773-782.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2001. Syokuryou No Antei-kyoukyuu To Utsukushii Kunidzukuri Ni Muketa Juuten Puran (A Plan for Prioritizing Attainment of a Stable Food Supply and a Beautiful Nation). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2003. Mizuto Midorino ‘Bi No Sato’ Puran 21 (Plan 21 “Beauty Village” of Water and Green). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2004. Nougyo Kouzou Doutai Chousa (Survey of Movements in Agricultural Structure) (Summary). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2005a. Chuusankanchiikitou Chokusetsu Siharai Koufukin (Direct Payment Program for Mountainous Areas). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2005b. Syokuryoo Jukyuu Hyou 2004 (Food Balance Sheet FY2004). Tokyo: JMAFF. .
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2006. Sin Oorai No. 20 (New Coming and Going). Tokyo: JMAFF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). n.d. Negotiating Proposal by Japan on WTO Agricultural Negotiations. Tokyo: JMAFF. http://www.maff.go.jp/wto/wto_nihon_teian_e.htm (accessed 10/17/06). Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of Korea (KMAF). 2005. Statistical Yearbook of Agriculture and Forestry. Seoul: KMAF.
Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan (JMAFF). 2004. Nong-up Nong-chon Chonghap Daechaek (Comprehensive Programs for Agriculture and Rural Communities). Seoul: KMAF.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan (JMIC). 2005a. Roudouryoku Chousa (Labor Force Survey). Tokyo: JMIC.
Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of Japan (JMIC). 2005b. Jinkou Suikei Nenpou (Population Census and the Annual Report on Current Population Estimates). Tokyo: JMIC.
Nelson, Frederick, Edwin Young, Peter Liapis and Randall Schnepf. 2001. “WTO: Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.” Washington, DC: USDA-ERS Briefing Room.
Normile, Mary Anne and Mary Bohman. 2002. “Non-Trade Concerns: International Debate and U.S. Policy.” Agricultural Outlook (June-July) (USDA/ERS):14-17.
OECD. 2001. Multifunctionality: Toward an Analytic Framework. Paris: OECD.
OECD. 2003. “Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: A Positive Reform Agenda.” Paris: OECD Observer (Policy Brief).
OECD. 2004. OEDC Agricultural Policies 2004 at a Glance. Paris: OECD.
Ohnuki-Tierney, Emiko. 1993. Rice As Self: Japanese Identities Through Time. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Oshima, Harry T. 1986. “The Transition from an Agricultural to an Industrial Economy in East Asia.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 34(4):783-809.
Park, Dae-shik and Kyong-cheol Park. 2003. Nong-chon Ji-yeok Sahwe Byonhwa Donghang gwa Jeongmang (Trends and Prospects of Rural Community Change). Seoul: KREI.
Ploeg, Jan Douwe van der. 2006. “Agricultural Production in Crisis.” Pp. 258-277 in Paul Cloke, Terry Marsden, and Patrick H. Mooney, eds., Handbook of Rural Studies. London: Sage Publications.
Polanyi, Karl. 1944. The Great Transformation. New York: Rinehard and Company, Inc.
Potter, Clive and Jonathan Burney. 2002. “Agricultural Multifunctionality in the WTO—Legitimate Non-Trade Concern or Disguised Protectionism?” Journal of Rural Studies 18(1):35-47.
Potter, Clive and Matt Lobley. 2004. “Agricultural Restructuring and State Assistance: Competing or Complementary Rural Policy Paradigms?” Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning 6(1):3-18
Potter, Clive and Mark Tilzey. 2005. “Agricultural Policy Discourses in the European Post-Fordist Transition: Neoliberalism, Neomerchantilism, and Multifunctionality.” Progress in Human Geography 29(5):581-600.
Prime Minister’s Office of Japan (JPMO). 2000. Nousanbutsu Boueki Ni Kansuru Yoron Chousa (Public Opinion Survey on Trade of Agricultural Products). Tokyo: JPMO.
Ray, C. 1998. “Culture, Intellectual Property, and Territorial Rural Development.” Sociologia Ruralis 39:521-531.
Rein, Martin and Donald Schon. 1991. “Frame-Reflective Policy Discourse.” Pp. 262-289 in Social Sciences and Modern States: National Experiences and Theoretical Crossroads, edited by P. Wagner, C. Weiss, B. Wittrock, and H. Wollman. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sakuyama, Takumi. 2006. The Roles of Agriculture in Economic and Social Development: Project Approach and Emerging Lessons to Date. Rome: FAO, Roles of Agriculture Project Brief (Number 1, June).
Science Council of Japan. 2001. Chikyuu-kankyou, Ningen-seikatsu-ni-kakawaru Nougyu Oyobi Shinrin No Tamententeki-na-kinou No Hyouka-ni-tsuite (Evaluation of Multifunctions of Agriculture and Forestry Relevant to Human Life). Tokyo: Science Council of Japan.
Shucksmith, M. 1993. “Farm Household Behaviour and the Transition to Post-Productivism.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 44:466-478.
Spector, Malcolm and John I. Kitsuse. 1977. Constructing Social Problems. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings Publishing Co., Inc.
Stearns, Linda Brewster and Paul D. Almeida. 2004. “The Formation of State Actor-Social Movement Coalitions and Favorable Policy Outcomes.” Social Problems 51(4):478-504.
Symes, D. 1991. “Changing Gender Roles in Productionist and Post-Productionist Capitalist Agriculture.” Journal of Rural Studies 7:85-90.
-------. 1992. “Agriculture, the State and Rural Society in Europe: Trends and Issues.” Sociologia Ruralis 32:193-208.
Ward, N. 1993. “The Agricultural Treadmill and the Rural Environment in the Post-Productivist Era.” Sociologia Ruralis 23:348-364.
Wilson, G. A. 2001. “From Productivism to Post-productivism ... and Back Again? Exploring the (Un)changed Natural and Mental Landscapes of European Agriculture.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 26:77-102.
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