Migrant Workers and Changing Work-place Regimes in Contemporary Agricultural Production in Canada
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Published
Jan 4, 2012
Kerry Preibisch
Abstract
Contemporary processes of globalization have had significant implications for food systems around the world. The adoption of neo-liberal policies on a global scale, changing systems of governance in supply chains, and the development of new technologies have transformed how food is produced and consumed. Although the implications of these changes for the labour sustaining agri-food systems have received scant attention in the literature, research suggests they are profound. In this article, I seek to further our knowledge of how these processes are unfolding in a high income country context through a focus on Canada, examining in particular how changes to immigration policy have rendered work in Northern agri-food industries more precarious. In so doing, I seek to contribute to theoretical debates on the role of the state in regulating work-place regimes and managing capitalist accumulation in agriculture.
How to Cite
Preibisch, K. . (2012) “Migrant Workers and Changing Work-place Regimes in Contemporary Agricultural Production in Canada ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 19(1), pp. 62–82. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v19i1.237.
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References
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Barrientos, S., Dolan, C. and Tallontire, A. (2003) A gendered value chain approach to codes of conduct
in African horticulture, World Development, 31, pp. 1511–1526.
Barrón, M. and Rello, F. (2000) The impact of the tomato agroindustry on the rural poor in Mexico, Agricultural
Economics, 23 (3), pp. 289–297.
Basok, T. (2002) Tortillas and Tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican Harvesters in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queens
University Press.
Binford, L. (2004) Contract labor in Canada and the United States: a critical appreciation of Tanya Basok’s
Tortillas and Tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican Harvesters in Canada, Canadian Journal of Latin American and
Caribbean Studies, 29(57–58), pp. 289–308.
Bolaria, B.S., Hay, D. and Basran, G.S. (1992) Farm labour, work conditions, and health risks, in: D. Hay
and G.S. Basran (eds) Rural Sociology in Canada, Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp. 228–245.
Burawoy, M. (1976) The functions and reproduction of migrant labor: comparative material from Southern
Africa and the United States, American Journal of Sociology, 81 (5), pp. 1050–1087.
Burawoy, M. (1985) The Politics of Production. London: Verso.
Busch, L. (2010) Can fairy tales come true? The surprising story of neoliberalism and world agriculture,
Sociologia Ruralis, 50(4), pp. 331–351.
Carton de Grammont, H. and Lara Flores, S. (2010) Productive restructuring and standardization in Mexican
horticulture: consequences for labour, Journal of Agrarian Change, 10, pp. 228–250.
Castles, S. (2006) Guestworkers in Europe: a resurrection?, International Migration Review, 40, pp. 741–766.
CBC News (2011) Thai Victims of Human Trafficking Can Stay in Canada, 21 June, published online
.
Chen, D. (2010). Thai migrant workers petition for changes in foreign workers laws, The Windsor Star, 23
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Program. Published online
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farm, The Guelph Mercury, 1 November.
Dolan, C. (2004) On farm and packhouse: employment at the bottom of a global value chain, Rural Sociology,
69(1), pp. 99–126.
du Toit, A. and Ewert, J. (2002) Myths of globalisation: private regulation and farm worker livelihoods on
Western Cape farms, Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 50(77), pp. 77–104.
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introduction, in P. Edwards and P. Elger (eds) The Global Economy, National States and the Regulation of
Labour, London: Mansell Publishing, pp. 1–41.
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among women migrant and maquiladora workers in Mexico, Just Labour, 16, pp. 76–83.
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Frances, J., Barrientos, S. and Rogaly, B. (2005) Temporary Workers in UK Agriculture and Horticulture: A
Study of Employment Practices in the Agriculture and Horticulture Industries and Co-located Packhouse and
Primary Food Processing Sectors. Framlingham: Precision Prospecting.
Friedland, W., Barton, A. and Thomas, R. (1981) Manufacturing Green Gold: Capital, Labor, and Technology in
the Lettuce Industry. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fudge, J. and McPhail, F. (2009) The Temporary Foreign Worker Program in Canada: low-skilled workers
as an extreme form of flexible labour, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 31, pp. 101–139.
Giles, W. (2010) Livelihood and Afghan refugee workers in Iran, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber (eds)
Class, Contention, and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 23–40.
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Government of Canada (2007) Temporary Foreign Worker Program Improved for Employers in B.C. and Alberta,
Press Release. Published online.
Griffith, D. (2003) The Canadian and United States Migrant Agricultural Workers Programs: Parallels and Divergences
Between Two North American Seasonal Agricultural Labour Markets with Respect to ‘Best Practices’.
Ottawa: North-South Institute.
Griffith, D. (2006) American Guestworkers: Jamaicans and Mexicans in the U.S. Labor Market. University Park,
PA: Penn State University Press.
Guthman, J. (2004) Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. Berkeley, CA: University
of California Press.
Hennebry, J. and Preibisch, K. (2008) Deconstructing Managed Migration’s Model: A Critical Look at Canada’s
Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program. Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Sociological
Association, Vancouver, 3–6 June.
Hennebry, J. and Preibisch, K. (2010) A model for managed migration? Re-examining best practices
in Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program, International Migration,
Heyman, J. (2010) The state and mobile people at the US-Mexico border, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber
(eds) Class, Contention, and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 58–80.
Hill, S. (2009) Immigration raids firm, 8 detained, The Windsor Star, 29 May.
Holmes, S. (2007) ‘Oaxacans like to work bent over’: the naturalization of social suffering among berry
farm workers, International Migration, 45(3), pp. 39–68.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2010) Number of Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW)
Positions on Confirmed Labour Market Opinions (LMOs) under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program
(SAWP), by Occupation and Province of Employment, 2006–2010 Seasons, Unpublished data request extracted
3 December. Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011a) Number of Confirmed Temporary Foreign Worker
(TFW) Positions on Labour Market Ppinions (LMOs) in Agriculture (Non-SAWP), by Occupation, 2005–2010,
Unpublished data request extracted 15 March. Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development
Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011b) Number of Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW)
Positions on Confirmed Labour Market Ppinions (LMOs) under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program
(SAWP), by Province of Employment, 2006–2010 Seasons, Unpublished data request extracted 3 December.
Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011c) Total Number of Positions on Confirmed Labour
Market Opinions (LMOs) for the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) Agricultural Stream NOC C
and D Pilot, Unpublished data request extracted on 6 July. Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development
Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011d) National List of Commodities for the Seasonal
Agricultural Worker Program and the Agricultural Stream of the Pilot Project for Occupations Requiring Lower
Levels of Formal Training. Published online < http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/foreign_
workers/commodities.shtml>.
Human Resources and Social Development Canada (2008) Agreement for the Employment in Canada of Seasonal
Agricultural Workers from Mexico in British Columbia for the Year 2008. Gatineau: HRSDC.
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pp. 167–184.
Kritzinger, A., Barrientos, S. and Rossouw, H. (2004) Global production and flexible employment in South
African horticulture: experiences of contract workers in fruit exports, Sociologia Ruralis, 44(1), pp. 17–39.
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the case of Greece, European Urban and Regional Studies, 16(3), pp. 237–256.
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and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 1–22.
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Martin, P. (2002) Mexican workers and U.S. agriculture: the revolving door, International Migration Review,
36, pp. 1124–1142.
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University of Minnesota Press.
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WorkSafeBC. Published online
Pechlaner, G. and Otero, G. (2008) The third food regime: neoliberal globalism and agricultural biotechnology
in North America, Sociologia Ruralis, 48, pp. 351–371.
Però, D. (2010) Political engagement and Latin Americans in the UK, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber
(eds) Class, Contention, and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 81–104.
Plewa, P. (2007) The rise and fall of temporary foreign worker policies: Lessons for Poland, International
Migration, 45(2), pp. 3–36.
Preibisch, K. (2007) Local produce, foreign labor: Labor mobility programs and global trade competitiveness
in Canada, Rural Sociology, 72(3), pp. 418–449.
Preibisch, K. (2010) Pick-your-own labor: migrant workers and flexibility in Canadian agriculture, International
Migration Review, 44(2), pp. 404–441.
Preibisch, K. and Binford, L. (2007) Interrogating racialized global labour supply: an exploration of the
ethnic replacement of foreign agricultural workers in Canada, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology,
44(1), pp. 5–36.
Preibisch, K. and Encalada Grez, E. (2010) The other side of ‘El Otro Lado’: Mexican migrant women and
labor flexibility in Canadian agriculture, Signs, 35(2), pp. 289–316.
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Press.
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Bajer, E. (2010) Arrest of Thai workers sparks protest, The Chatham Daily News, 23 March.
Barrientos, S., Dolan, C. and Tallontire, A. (2003) A gendered value chain approach to codes of conduct
in African horticulture, World Development, 31, pp. 1511–1526.
Barrón, M. and Rello, F. (2000) The impact of the tomato agroindustry on the rural poor in Mexico, Agricultural
Economics, 23 (3), pp. 289–297.
Basok, T. (2002) Tortillas and Tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican Harvesters in Canada. Montreal: McGill-Queens
University Press.
Binford, L. (2004) Contract labor in Canada and the United States: a critical appreciation of Tanya Basok’s
Tortillas and Tomatoes: Transmigrant Mexican Harvesters in Canada, Canadian Journal of Latin American and
Caribbean Studies, 29(57–58), pp. 289–308.
Bolaria, B.S., Hay, D. and Basran, G.S. (1992) Farm labour, work conditions, and health risks, in: D. Hay
and G.S. Basran (eds) Rural Sociology in Canada, Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp. 228–245.
Burawoy, M. (1976) The functions and reproduction of migrant labor: comparative material from Southern
Africa and the United States, American Journal of Sociology, 81 (5), pp. 1050–1087.
Burawoy, M. (1985) The Politics of Production. London: Verso.
Busch, L. (2010) Can fairy tales come true? The surprising story of neoliberalism and world agriculture,
Sociologia Ruralis, 50(4), pp. 331–351.
Carton de Grammont, H. and Lara Flores, S. (2010) Productive restructuring and standardization in Mexican
horticulture: consequences for labour, Journal of Agrarian Change, 10, pp. 228–250.
Castles, S. (2006) Guestworkers in Europe: a resurrection?, International Migration Review, 40, pp. 741–766.
CBC News (2011) Thai Victims of Human Trafficking Can Stay in Canada, 21 June, published online
Chen, D. (2010). Thai migrant workers petition for changes in foreign workers laws, The Windsor Star, 23
April.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2009a) Temporary Foreign Work Permits Issued in Canada by National
Occupation Code (NOC) For Agricultural Occupations, Unpublished data request extracted 29 June. Ottawa:
Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2009b) Canada: Total Entries of Foreign Workers in the Low Skill Program
by National Occupational Classification and Gender, 2007–2008, Unpublished data request received 13 August.
Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2009c) Canada: Total Entries of Foreign Workers in the Seasonal Agricultural
Workers’ Program by National Occupational Classification and Gender, 2007–2008, Unpublished data
request received 13 August. Ottawa: Citizenship and Immigration Canada.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada (2010) Backgrounder: Improvements to the Temporary Foreign Worker
Program. Published online
Contenta, S. and Monsebraaten, L. (2009) Controversial foreign worker program includes Guelph mushroom
farm, The Guelph Mercury, 1 November.
Dolan, C. (2004) On farm and packhouse: employment at the bottom of a global value chain, Rural Sociology,
69(1), pp. 99–126.
du Toit, A. and Ewert, J. (2002) Myths of globalisation: private regulation and farm worker livelihoods on
Western Cape farms, Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 50(77), pp. 77–104.
Elger, P. and Edwards, P. (1999) National states and the regulation of labour in the global economy: an
introduction, in P. Edwards and P. Elger (eds) The Global Economy, National States and the Regulation of
Labour, London: Mansell Publishing, pp. 1–41.
Encalada Grez, E. (2010) Organizing from the maquiladoras to the university: dialogue and reflections
among women migrant and maquiladora workers in Mexico, Just Labour, 16, pp. 76–83.
Findeis, J.L. (2002) Hired farm labour adjustments and conditions, in: J.L. Findeis, A.M. Vandeman, J.M.
Larson and J.L. Runyan (eds) The Dynamics of Hired Farm Labour: Constraints and Community Responses,
Wallingford: CABI Publishing, pp. 3–14.
Fondation des Entreprises en Recrutement de la Main-d’ oeuvre Agricole Étrangère (2011) Nombre de travailleurs
étrangers qui ont eu recours à FERME de 1995 à 2008. Published online
Foreign Agricultural Resource Management Services (2011) How to apply for NOC C&D (Low Skill Agriculture).
Published online
Frances, J., Barrientos, S. and Rogaly, B. (2005) Temporary Workers in UK Agriculture and Horticulture: A
Study of Employment Practices in the Agriculture and Horticulture Industries and Co-located Packhouse and
Primary Food Processing Sectors. Framlingham: Precision Prospecting.
Friedland, W., Barton, A. and Thomas, R. (1981) Manufacturing Green Gold: Capital, Labor, and Technology in
the Lettuce Industry. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Fudge, J. and McPhail, F. (2009) The Temporary Foreign Worker Program in Canada: low-skilled workers
as an extreme form of flexible labour, Comparative Labor Law and Policy Journal, 31, pp. 101–139.
Giles, W. (2010) Livelihood and Afghan refugee workers in Iran, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber (eds)
Class, Contention, and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 23–40.
Goldring, L., Berinstein, C. and Bernhard, J. (2007) Institutionalizing Precarious Immigration Status in Canada,
CERIS Working Paper. Toronto: CERIS: The Ontario Metropolis Centre.
Government of Canada (2007) Temporary Foreign Worker Program Improved for Employers in B.C. and Alberta,
Press Release. Published online
Griffith, D. (2003) The Canadian and United States Migrant Agricultural Workers Programs: Parallels and Divergences
Between Two North American Seasonal Agricultural Labour Markets with Respect to ‘Best Practices’.
Ottawa: North-South Institute.
Griffith, D. (2006) American Guestworkers: Jamaicans and Mexicans in the U.S. Labor Market. University Park,
PA: Penn State University Press.
Guthman, J. (2004) Agrarian Dreams: The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. Berkeley, CA: University
of California Press.
Hennebry, J. and Preibisch, K. (2008) Deconstructing Managed Migration’s Model: A Critical Look at Canada’s
Seasonal Agricultural Workers Program. Paper prepared for the Annual Meeting of the Canadian Sociological
Association, Vancouver, 3–6 June.
Hennebry, J. and Preibisch, K. (2010) A model for managed migration? Re-examining best practices
in Canada’s Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program, International Migration,
Heyman, J. (2010) The state and mobile people at the US-Mexico border, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber
(eds) Class, Contention, and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 58–80.
Hill, S. (2009) Immigration raids firm, 8 detained, The Windsor Star, 29 May.
Holmes, S. (2007) ‘Oaxacans like to work bent over’: the naturalization of social suffering among berry
farm workers, International Migration, 45(3), pp. 39–68.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2010) Number of Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW)
Positions on Confirmed Labour Market Opinions (LMOs) under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program
(SAWP), by Occupation and Province of Employment, 2006–2010 Seasons, Unpublished data request extracted
3 December. Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011a) Number of Confirmed Temporary Foreign Worker
(TFW) Positions on Labour Market Ppinions (LMOs) in Agriculture (Non-SAWP), by Occupation, 2005–2010,
Unpublished data request extracted 15 March. Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development
Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011b) Number of Temporary Foreign Worker (TFW)
Positions on Confirmed Labour Market Ppinions (LMOs) under the Seasonal Agricultural Worker Program
(SAWP), by Province of Employment, 2006–2010 Seasons, Unpublished data request extracted 3 December.
Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011c) Total Number of Positions on Confirmed Labour
Market Opinions (LMOs) for the Temporary Foreign Worker Program (TFWP) Agricultural Stream NOC C
and D Pilot, Unpublished data request extracted on 6 July. Gatineau: Human Resources and Skills Development
Canada.
Human Resources and Skills Development Canada (2011d) National List of Commodities for the Seasonal
Agricultural Worker Program and the Agricultural Stream of the Pilot Project for Occupations Requiring Lower
Levels of Formal Training. Published online < http://www.hrsdc.gc.ca/eng/workplaceskills/foreign_
workers/commodities.shtml>.
Human Resources and Social Development Canada (2008) Agreement for the Employment in Canada of Seasonal
Agricultural Workers from Mexico in British Columbia for the Year 2008. Gatineau: HRSDC.
Kasimis, C., Papadopoulos, A. and Zacopoulou, E. (2003) Migrants in rural Greece, Sociologia Ruralis, 43(2),
pp. 167–184.
Kritzinger, A., Barrientos, S. and Rossouw, H. (2004) Global production and flexible employment in South
African horticulture: experiences of contract workers in fruit exports, Sociologia Ruralis, 44(1), pp. 17–39.
Labrianidis, L. and Sykas, T. (2009) Migrants, economic mobility and socio-economic change in rural areas:
the case of Greece, European Urban and Regional Studies, 16(3), pp. 237–256.
Lem, W. and Gardiner Barber, P. (2010) Introduction, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber (eds) Class, Contention,
and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 1–22.
Martin, P. (1988) Harvest of Confusion: Migrant Workers in U.S. Agriculture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Martin, P. (2002) Mexican workers and U.S. agriculture: the revolving door, International Migration Review,
36, pp. 1124–1142.
McMichael, P. (1996) Globalization: myths and realities, Rural Sociology, 61(1), pp. 25–55.
Mitchell, D. (1996) The Lie of the Land: Migrant Workers and the California Landscape. Minneapolis, MN:
University of Minnesota Press.
Otero, G. and Preibisch, K. (2009) Farmworker Health and Safety: Challenges for British Columbia. Vancouver:
WorkSafeBC. Published online
Pechlaner, G. and Otero, G. (2008) The third food regime: neoliberal globalism and agricultural biotechnology
in North America, Sociologia Ruralis, 48, pp. 351–371.
Però, D. (2010) Political engagement and Latin Americans in the UK, in: W. Lem and P. Gardiner Barber
(eds) Class, Contention, and a World in Motion, New York: Berghahn Books, pp. 81–104.
Plewa, P. (2007) The rise and fall of temporary foreign worker policies: Lessons for Poland, International
Migration, 45(2), pp. 3–36.
Preibisch, K. (2007) Local produce, foreign labor: Labor mobility programs and global trade competitiveness
in Canada, Rural Sociology, 72(3), pp. 418–449.
Preibisch, K. (2010) Pick-your-own labor: migrant workers and flexibility in Canadian agriculture, International
Migration Review, 44(2), pp. 404–441.
Preibisch, K. and Binford, L. (2007) Interrogating racialized global labour supply: an exploration of the
ethnic replacement of foreign agricultural workers in Canada, Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology,
44(1), pp. 5–36.
Preibisch, K. and Encalada Grez, E. (2010) The other side of ‘El Otro Lado’: Mexican migrant women and
labor flexibility in Canadian agriculture, Signs, 35(2), pp. 289–316.
Richmond, A. (1994) Global Apartheid: Refugees, Racism, and the New World Order. Toronto: Oxford University
Press.
Rogaly, B. (2008) Intensification of workplace regimes in British horticulture: the role of migrant workers,
Population, Space and Place, 14, pp. 497–510.
Ruhs, M. (2006) The potential of temporary migration programmes in future international migration policy,
International Labour Review, 145(1–2), pp. 7–36.
Rutherford, T. (2004) Convergence, the institutional turn and workplace regimes: the case of lean production,
Progress in Human Geography, 28, pp. 425–446.
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