African swine fever and the adaptive capacity of ethnic minority smaller-scale producers of pork in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam
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Published
Oct 30, 2022
Aaron Kingsbury
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2774-2499
Abstract
One of the poorest areas of Vietnam, the Northern Mountainous Region (NMR) is largely populated by ethnic minorities. Women in these communities produce heritage breeds of pork on a smaller scale, providing them with opportunities and agency. This production also brings alternative sources of revenue outside of the cultivation of rice and corn, maintains genetic diversity, and continues indigenous knowledge systems of livestock management that have contributed to the resiliency of local communities for generations. Drawing on fieldwork in eight villages in Bac Kan and Lao Cai provinces, each populated differently by Hmong, Nung, San Chi, and Tay peoples, this article focuses on new forms of vulnerability brought on by African swine fever. With fieldwork conducted at different stages of the pandemic, African swine fever was found to be not only devastating local pigs but also strongly impacting the sustainable future of smaller-scale farming and the very livelihoods of many ethnic minority populations across the NMR. Overall, this article draws on this moment of crisis to provide strong evidence in support of nuanced policymaking that considers the complex and multi-scale interactions between geography, marginalization, ethnicity, and culture.
How to Cite
Kingsbury, A., Ho, S., Hoa, H. and Kieu, H. (2022) “African swine fever and the adaptive capacity of ethnic minority smaller-scale producers of pork in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 28(2), pp. 23–39. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v28i2.481.
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Keywords
Social vulnerability, Heritage pigs, African swine fever, Gender, Vietnam
References
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Cutter S (2003) The vulnerability of science and the science of vulnerability. 93(1). Annals of the Association of
American Geographers: 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8306.93101.
Cutter S, Barnes L, Berry M, Burton C, Evans E, Tate E, and Webb J (2008) A place-based model for understanding
community resilience to natural disasters. 18(4). Global Environmental Change: 598-606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2008.07.013.
Cutter S, Osman-Elasha B, Campbell J, Cheong S, McCormick S, Pulwarty R, Supratid S, and Ziervogel G (2012) Managing the risks from climate extremes at the local level. In Field C, Barros V, Stocker T, Qin D, Dokken D, Ebi K, and Midgley P (eds), Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaptation. A Special Report of Working Groups I and II of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) (pp. 291–338). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/2018/03/SREX_Full_Report-1.pdf.
Delisle S and Turner S (2013) The weather is like the game we play: Coping and adaptation strategies for extreme
weather events among ethnic minority groups in Upland Northern Vietnam. 57(3). Asia Pacific Viewpoint Special Issue: Food Politics and Relations in East Asia: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/apv.12131.
Demombynes G (2013) Why is ethnic minority poverty persistent in Vietnam?
https://blogs.worldbank.org/eastasiapacific/why-ethnic-minority-poverty-persistent-vietnam. Accessed
4 December 2018.
Denzin N and Lincoln Y (2003) Strategies of Qualitative Inquiry. Los Angeles, CA: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dien K (2002) Population and Ethno-Demography in Vietnam. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Books.
FAO (2020) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, ASF Situation in Asia
Update. http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/programmes/en/empres/ASF/situation_update.html. Accessed 20 March 2020.
Gaillard J (2007) Resilience of traditional societies in facing natural hazards. 16(4). Disaster Prevention and
Management: 522-544. https://doi.org/10.1108/09653560710817011.
Gaillard J (2010) Vulnerability, capacity and resilience: Perspectives for climate and development policy. 22(2).
Journal of International Development: 218-232. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.1675.
Ha H, Ho S, Kingsbury A, Dong C, Tam N, and Duong P (2021) The role of Tay indigenous knowledge in climate
change adaptation in the Northern Mountainous Region of Vietnam. 20(2). Indian Journal of Traditional
Knowledge: 459-472.
http://nopr.niscair.res.in/bitstream/123456789/57203/1/IJTK%2020%282%29%20459-472.pdf.
Hansen A (2018) Meat consumption and capitalist development: The meatification of food provision and practice in Vietnam. 93. Geoforum: 57-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.05.008
Hardy A (2003) Red Hills: Migrants and the State in the Highlands of Vietnam. Honolulu: University of
Hawaii Press.
Herold P, Roessler R, Willam A, Momm H, and Valle Zarate A (2010) Breeding and supply chain systems
incorporating local pig breeds for small-scale producers in Northwest Vietnam. 129. Livestock Science: 63-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.01.004.
Holling C (1973) Resilience and stability of ecological systems. 14(5). Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics:
1-23. https://pure.iiasa.ac.at/id/eprint/26/1/RP-73-003.pdf.
Hutchins S, Fiscella K, Levine R, Ompad D, and McDonald M (2009) Protection of racial/ethnic minority
populations during an influenza pandemic. (99(S2). American Journal of Public Health: S261-270. https://doi.org10.2105/AJPH.2009.161505.
Huyen LT, Roessler R, Lemke U, and Valle Zarate A (2005) Impact of the Use of Exotic Compared to Local Pig
Breeds on Socio-Economic Development and Biodiversity in Vietnam. Stuttgart: Verlag Grauer.
Kaufman J and Cooper R (2001) Commentary: considerations for use of racial/ethnic classification in etiologic
research. 154(4). American Journal of Epidemiology: 291–298. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/154.4.291.
Kelly M and Adger N (2000) Theory and practice in assessing vulnerability to climate change and facilitating
adaptation. 47. Climatic Change: 325-352. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005627828199.
Klein R, Nicholls R, and Thomalla F (2003) Resilience to natural hazards.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazards.2004.02.001.
Knutsson P and Ostwald M (2006) A process-oriented sustainable livelihoods approach – A tool for increased
understanding of vulnerability, adaptation and resilience. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-006-4421-9.
Lapar M (2014) Review of the Pig Sector in Vietnam. Report presented at the Scientific Committee of the
REVALTER Project, Tam Dao.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8ba0/135208aeb70721c1b6f6b301b94f04445fa5.pdf?_ga=2.137346422.717679904.1584837567-1776544938.1584837567. Accessed 20 March 2020.
Lewis-Beck M, Bryman A, and Liao T (2004) The SAGE Encyclopedia of Social Science Research Methods.
Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.
Manyena S (2006) The concept of resilience revisited. 30(4). Disasters: 433-450.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0361-3666.2006.00331.x.
McLaughlin P and Dietz T (2008) Structure, agency and environment: Towards an integrated perspective on
vulnerability. 18(1). Global Environmental Change: 99-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2007.05.003.
Mechanic D and Tanner J (2007) Vulnerable people, groups, and populations: societal view. 26(5). Health Affairs (Millwood): 1220–1230. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.26.5.1220.
Michaud J and Forsyth T (2011) Moving Mountains: Ethnicity and Livelihoods in Highland China, Vietnam, and Laos. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.
Muth P, Markemann A, Huyen L, and Valle Zarate A (2017) Discriminating the quality of local pork from crossbred
pork from extensive production of ethnic minorities in mountainous northern Vietnam. 118(1). Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics: 45-57.
https://kobra.unikassel.de/bitstream/handle/123456789/2017010351833/JARTSVol118No1S045.pdf;seque
nce=1.
Nguyen C (2017) Improving capacity development on the role of gender in pig research in Vietnam.
https://asia.ilri.org/2017/09/20/improving-capacity-development-on-role-of-gender-in-pig-research-in-vietnam/. Accessed 10 October 2019.
Nguyen N, Duong T, Ninh H, Hung P, and Lapar L (2014) Smallholder Pig Value Chain Development in Vietnam: Situation Analysis and Trends. ILRI Project Report. Nairobi, Kenya: International Livestock Research Institute. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132664279.pdf.
Nguyen XP (2019) Decision No. 793 / QD-TTg Mechanisms, policies, beneficiaries, level of funding support in
prevention and control of African swine fever. June 27th, 2019.
O’Brien K, Sygna L, and Haugen J (2004) Vulnerable or resilient? a multi-scale assessment of climate impacts and
vulnerability in Norway. 64. Climatic Change: 193-225. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000024668.70143.80.
O’Leary Z (2010) The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. London: Sage.
Paavola J (2008) Livelihoods, vulnerability and adaptation to climate change in Morogoro, Tanzania.11(7). Environmental Science and Policy: 642–654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2008.06.002.
Paton D (2006) Disaster resilience: Building capacity to co-exist with natural hazards
and their consequences, in Disaster Resilience: An Integrated Approach, Paton D and Johnston D (eds.), Charles C Thomas Publisher, Illinois, pp. 3-10.
Pellowski J, Kalichman S, Matthews K, and Adler N (2013) A pandemic of the poor: Social disadvantage and the
U.S. HIV epidemic. 68(4). American Psychologist: 197-209. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0032694.
Quinn S (2008) Crises and emergency risk communication in a pandemic: A model for building
capacity and resilience of minority communities. 9(4S). Health Promotion Practice: 18S-
25S. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839908324022.
Rheinlander T, Samuelson H, Dalsgaard A, and Konradsen F (2010) Hygiene and sanitation among ethnic
minorities in Northern Vietnam: Does government promotion match community priorities?. 71(5). Social Science & Medicine: 994-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.06.014.
Schroter D, Polsky C, and Patt A (2005) Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: An eight-step approach. 10(4). Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change: 573–596.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11027-005-6135-9.
Son H (2013) Vulnerability and Resilience to Climate Change in the Northern Mountainous Region of
Vietnam (Ph.D. Dissertation). Australian National University.
Son H, Dong C, and Kingsbury A (2019) Indigenous knowledge and climate change adaptation of ethnic
minorities in the mountainous regions of Vietnam: A case study of the Yao people in Bac Kan province.
176. Agricultural Systems: Article 102683. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2019.102683.
Son H and Kingsbury A (2020) Community adaptation and climate change in the Northern
Mountainous Region of Vietnam: A case study of ethnic minority people in Bac Kan Province. 37(1).
Asian Geographer: 33-51.https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2019.1701507.
Tugault-Lafleur C and Turner S (2009) The price of spice: Ethnic minority livelihoods and cardamom
commodity chains in upland northern Vietnam. 30. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography: 388-403.
https://doi:10.1111/j.1467-9493.2009.00376.x
Turner B, Kasperson R, Matson P, McCarthy J, Corell R, Christensen L, Eckley N, Kasperson J, Luers A, Martello
M, Polsky C, Pulsipher A, and Schiller A (2003) A framework for vulnerability analysis in sustainability science. 100(14). Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the USA: 8074-8079.
https://doi.org/ 10.1073/pnas.1231335100
Turner B (2010) Vulnerability and resilience: Coalescing or paralleling approaches for sustainability science?. 20.
Global Environmental Change: 570-576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.07.003.
Turner S (2012) ‘Forever Hmong’: Ethnic minority livelihoods and agrarian transition in Upland northern
Vietnam. 64(4). Professional Geographer: 540-553. https://doi.org/10.1080/00330124.2011.611438.
Turner S and Bonnin C (2018) “We women know more about the seeds”: Ethnic minority food security and the
gendered implications of hybrid rice in upland northern Vietnam. In Ensuring a Square Meal: Women and Food Security in South East Asia. Ed. T Devasahayam. World Scientific Publishing: Hackensack. Pp. 103-122.
Turner S, Bonnin C, and Michaud J (2015) Frontier Livelihoods: Hmong in the Sino-Vietnamese Borderlands. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
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