Impacting conventional foodways with food democracy Diverse scaling strategies in Alternative Food Networks
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
09-04-2026
Francesca Forno
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3429-5092
Abstract
Alternative Food Networks (AFNs) have received growing attention for their potential to promote sustainability, foster social innovation, and challenge dominant agri-food regimes. These value-driven initiatives offer both practical alternatives and critical responses to industrialised food systems, seeking to align food production and consumption with ecological, social, and ethical priorities. This paper examines four AFNs across different European contexts to explore how diverse scaling strategies – scaling deep, up, out, and through – are employed to expand their reach and influence. While often situated at the margins of conventional markets, AFNs serve as laboratories for experimenting with democratic governance and participatory organisational models. Through an analysis of their internal dynamics and external alliances, the paper shows how scaling efforts intersect with broader aims of food democracy, particularly in enhancing citizen agency and inclusivity. The findings underscore the importance of re-politicising food systems and building transformative pathways toward more just and sustainable food futures.
How to Cite
Forno, F., Giovannini, M. and Kopczynska, E. (2026) “Impacting conventional foodways with food democracy: Diverse scaling strategies in Alternative Food Networks”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 32(1), pp. 301–314. doi:10.48416/ijsaf.v31i1.666.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
AFNs, Scaling strategies, Food Democracy, Holistic approach, Diversification
References
Allen, P. (2008). Mining for justice in the food system: Perceptions, practices, and possibilities. Agriculture and Human Values, 25(2), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-008-9120-6
Allen, P. (2010). Realizing justice in local food systems. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq015
Anderson, C. R., Bruil, J., Chappell, M. J., Kiss, C., Pimbert, M. P., Anderson, C. R., ... & Pimbert, M. P. (2021). Conceptualizing processes of agroecological transformations: from scaling to transition to transformation. Agroecology Now! Transformations Towards More Just and Sustainable Food Systems, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61315-0_3
Behringer, J., & Feindt, P. H. (2019). How shall we judge agri-food governance? Legitimacy constructions in food democracy and co-regulation discourses. Politics and Governance, 7(4), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2087
Bilewicz, A. & Spiewak, R., (2015). Enclaves of activism and taste: Consumer cooperatives in Poland as alternative food networks. Socio. hu Társadalomtudományi Szemle, pp.145-166. https://doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2015en.145
Bornemann, B., & S. Weiland (2019). Editorial: new perspectives on food democracy. Politics and Governance 7 (4): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2570
Brunori, G. (2007). Local food and alternative food networks: a communication perspective. Anthropology of food, (S2). https://doi.org/10.4000/aof.430
Brunori, G., Rossi, A., & Guidi, F. (2012). On the new social relations around and beyond food. Analyzing consumers' role in Alternative Food Networks. Sociologia Ruralis, 52(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2011.00552.x
Carlson, J., & J. Chappell. (2015). Deepening Food Democracy. Minneapolis: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.
Dekeyser, K., L. Korsten, & L. Fioramonti. (2018). Food sovereignty: Shifting debates on democratic food governance. Food Security, 10 (1): 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0763-2
Cleveland, D. A., Müller, N. M., & Tranovich, A. C. (2014). Local food hubs for alternative food systems: A case study from Santa Barbara County, California. Journal of Rural Studies, 35, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.03.008
Facchini, F., López-García, D., Villamayor-Tomas, S. et al. (2024) Intersectional coalitions towards a just agroecology: weaving mutual aid and agroecology in Barcelona and Seville. Agric Hum Values 41, 955–973 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-023-10529-0
Fernandez-Wulff, P. (2019). Collective agency in the making: How social innovations in the food system practice democracy beyond consumption. Politics and Governance, 7(4), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2111
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
Fonte, M. (2013). Food consumption as social practice: Solidarity purchasing groups in Rome, Italy. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.07.003
Forssell, S., & Lankoski, L. (2015). The sustainability promise of alternative food networks: an examination through “alternative” characteristics. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-014-9516-4
Giambartolomei, G., F. Forno, & C. Sage. 2021. How food policies emerge: The pivotal role of policy entrepreneurs as brokers and bridges of people and ideas. Food Policy 103: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102038
Giovannini, M., & Forno, F. (2023). Doing transdisciplinary action research: A critical assessment of an Italian lab-like sustainable food initiative. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 12(1), 75-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2023.004
Gliessman, S. (2016). The ecology in agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(1), 187-189: https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765
Goodman, D., E.M. DuPuis, and M.K. Goodman. 2012. Alternative Food Networks: Knowledge, Practice, and Politics. Routledge.
Guthman, J. (2008). Bringing good food to others: Investigating the subjects of alternative food practice. Cultural Geographies, 15(4), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474008094315
Hassanein, N. 2003. Practicing food democracy: A pragmatic politics of transformation. Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00041-4
Hassanein, N. (2008). Locating food democracy: Theoretical and practical ingredients. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 3(2/3), 286–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320240802244215
Hermans, F,, Roep, D., & Klerkx, L.(2016) Scale dynamics of grassroots innovations through parallel pathways of transformative change. Ecological Economics 130 (2016) 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.07.011
Hinrichs, C. C. (2000). Embeddedness and Local Food Systems: Notes on Two Types of Direct Agricultural Market. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(3), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00063-7
HLPE. (2017). Nutrition and Food Systems. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome.
Holloway, L., Kneafsey, M., Venn, L., Cox, R., Dowler, E., & Tuomainen, H. (2007). Possible food economies: A methodological framework for exploring food production–consumption relationships. Sociologia Ruralis, 47(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2007.00427.x
Ilbery, B., & Maye, D. (2005). Food supply chains and sustainability: Evidence from specialist food producers in the Scottish/English borders. Land Use Policy, 22(4), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.06.002
Johnston, J., Biro, A., & MacKendrick, N. (2009). Lost in the Supermarket: The Corporate-Organic Foodscape and the Struggle for Food Democracy. Antipode, 41(3), 509-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00685.x
Laamanen, M., Forno, F., & Wahlen, S. (2023). Neo-materialist movement organisations and the matter of scale: scaling through institutions as prefigurative politics?. Journal of Marketing Management, 39(9-10), 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2022.2045342
Lamine, C. (2015). Sustainability and resilience in agrifood systems: Reconnecting agriculture, food and the environment. Sociologia Ruralis, 55(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12061
Lang, T. (1999). Food policy for the 21st century. In For Hunger-Proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Systems, ed. M. Koc, R. MacRae, L.J.A. Mougeot, and J. Welsh. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 216-224.
Leitheiser, S., & Vezzoni, R. (2024). Joining the ideational and the material: transforming food systems toward radical food democracy. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8: 1307759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1307759
Loorbach, D., Wittmayer, J., Avelino, F., von Wirth, T., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2020) Transformative innovation and translocal diffusion. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transition 35, 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.01.009
Marradi, C., Mulder, I., (2022). Scaling Local Bottom-Up Innovations through Value Co-Creation. Sustainability 14, 11678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811678
McIvor, D. W., & Hale, J. (2015). Urban agriculture and the prospects for deep democracy. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(4), 727–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9588-9
Marsden, T., Banks, J., & Bristow, G. (2000). Food supply chain approaches: Exploring their role in rural development. Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), 424-438. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9523.00158
Michel-Villarreal, R., M. Hingley, M. Canavari, & I. Bregoli. (2019) Sustainability in alternative food networks: A systematic literature review. Sustainability 11 (3): 859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030859
Moore, M.L et al. (2015) Scaling Out, Scaling Up, Scaling Deep: Strategies of Non-profits in Advancing Systemic Social Innovation. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship 58, 67-84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jcorpciti.58.67.
Moragues-Faus, A. (2017). Emancipatory or neoliberal food politics? Exploring the “politics of collectivity” of buying groups in the search for egalitarian food democracies. Antipode 49 (2): 455–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12274
Mount, P. (2012). Growing local food: Scale and local food systems governance. Agriculture and Human Values, 29(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-011-9331-0
Newig, J., Challies, E., Jager, N. W., Kochskaemper, E., & Adzersen, A. (2017). The environmental performance of participatory and collaborative governance: A framework of causal mechanisms. Policy Studies Journal, 46, 269–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12209
Renting, H., Marsden, T. K., & Banks, J. (2003). Understanding alternative food networks: Exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 35(3), 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3510
Renting, H., Schermer, M., & Rossi, A. (2012). Building food democracy: exploring civic food networks and newly emerging forms of food citizenship. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 19(3), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v19i3.206
Sage, C. (2014). The Transition Movement and Food Sovereignty: From Local Resilience to Global Engagement in Food System Transformation. Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(2), 254-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540514526281
Seyfang, G. (2006). Ecological citizenship and sustainable consumption: Examining local organic food networks. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(4), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.01.003
Sieveking, A. (2019). Food policy councils as loci for practising food democracy? Insights from the case of Oldenburg, Germany. Politics and Governance 7 (4): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2081
Sonnino, R. (2010). Escaping the local trap: Insights on re-localization from school food reform. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 12(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080903220120
Tregear, A. (2011). Progressing knowledge in alternative and local food networks: Critical reflections and a research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies, 27(4), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.06.003
Welsh, J., & MacRae, R. (1998). Food citizenship and community food security: Lessons from Toronto, Canada. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne D’études du Développement, 19(4), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1998.9669786
Westley, F., Antadze, N., Riddell, D. J., Robinson, K., & Geobey, S. (2014). Five Configurations for Scaling Up Social Innovation: Case Examples of Nonprofit Organizations From Canada. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(3), 234-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886314532945
Allen, P. (2010). Realizing justice in local food systems. Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3(2), 295–308. https://doi.org/10.1093/cjres/rsq015
Anderson, C. R., Bruil, J., Chappell, M. J., Kiss, C., Pimbert, M. P., Anderson, C. R., ... & Pimbert, M. P. (2021). Conceptualizing processes of agroecological transformations: from scaling to transition to transformation. Agroecology Now! Transformations Towards More Just and Sustainable Food Systems, 29-46. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61315-0_3
Behringer, J., & Feindt, P. H. (2019). How shall we judge agri-food governance? Legitimacy constructions in food democracy and co-regulation discourses. Politics and Governance, 7(4), 119-130. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2087
Bilewicz, A. & Spiewak, R., (2015). Enclaves of activism and taste: Consumer cooperatives in Poland as alternative food networks. Socio. hu Társadalomtudományi Szemle, pp.145-166. https://doi.org/10.18030/socio.hu.2015en.145
Bornemann, B., & S. Weiland (2019). Editorial: new perspectives on food democracy. Politics and Governance 7 (4): 1–7. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2570
Brunori, G. (2007). Local food and alternative food networks: a communication perspective. Anthropology of food, (S2). https://doi.org/10.4000/aof.430
Brunori, G., Rossi, A., & Guidi, F. (2012). On the new social relations around and beyond food. Analyzing consumers' role in Alternative Food Networks. Sociologia Ruralis, 52(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2011.00552.x
Carlson, J., & J. Chappell. (2015). Deepening Food Democracy. Minneapolis: Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy.
Dekeyser, K., L. Korsten, & L. Fioramonti. (2018). Food sovereignty: Shifting debates on democratic food governance. Food Security, 10 (1): 223–233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-017-0763-2
Cleveland, D. A., Müller, N. M., & Tranovich, A. C. (2014). Local food hubs for alternative food systems: A case study from Santa Barbara County, California. Journal of Rural Studies, 35, 26-36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2014.03.008
Facchini, F., López-García, D., Villamayor-Tomas, S. et al. (2024) Intersectional coalitions towards a just agroecology: weaving mutual aid and agroecology in Barcelona and Seville. Agric Hum Values 41, 955–973 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-023-10529-0
Fernandez-Wulff, P. (2019). Collective agency in the making: How social innovations in the food system practice democracy beyond consumption. Politics and Governance, 7(4), 81–93. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2111
Flyvbjerg, B. (2006). Five misunderstandings about case-study research. Qualitative Inquiry, 12(2), 219-245. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077800405284363
Fonte, M. (2013). Food consumption as social practice: Solidarity purchasing groups in Rome, Italy. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 230-239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.07.003
Forssell, S., & Lankoski, L. (2015). The sustainability promise of alternative food networks: an examination through “alternative” characteristics. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-014-9516-4
Giambartolomei, G., F. Forno, & C. Sage. 2021. How food policies emerge: The pivotal role of policy entrepreneurs as brokers and bridges of people and ideas. Food Policy 103: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2021.102038
Giovannini, M., & Forno, F. (2023). Doing transdisciplinary action research: A critical assessment of an Italian lab-like sustainable food initiative. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 12(1), 75-84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5947/jeod.2023.004
Gliessman, S. (2016). The ecology in agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 40(1), 187-189: https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1130765
Goodman, D., E.M. DuPuis, and M.K. Goodman. 2012. Alternative Food Networks: Knowledge, Practice, and Politics. Routledge.
Guthman, J. (2008). Bringing good food to others: Investigating the subjects of alternative food practice. Cultural Geographies, 15(4), 431–447. https://doi.org/10.1177/1474474008094315
Hassanein, N. 2003. Practicing food democracy: A pragmatic politics of transformation. Journal of Rural Studies 19 (1): 77–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(02)00041-4
Hassanein, N. (2008). Locating food democracy: Theoretical and practical ingredients. Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition, 3(2/3), 286–308. https://doi.org/10.1080/19320240802244215
Hermans, F,, Roep, D., & Klerkx, L.(2016) Scale dynamics of grassroots innovations through parallel pathways of transformative change. Ecological Economics 130 (2016) 285–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2016.07.011
Hinrichs, C. C. (2000). Embeddedness and Local Food Systems: Notes on Two Types of Direct Agricultural Market. Journal of Rural Studies, 16(3), 295-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00063-7
HLPE. (2017). Nutrition and Food Systems. A Report by the High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security, Rome.
Holloway, L., Kneafsey, M., Venn, L., Cox, R., Dowler, E., & Tuomainen, H. (2007). Possible food economies: A methodological framework for exploring food production–consumption relationships. Sociologia Ruralis, 47(1), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.2007.00427.x
Ilbery, B., & Maye, D. (2005). Food supply chains and sustainability: Evidence from specialist food producers in the Scottish/English borders. Land Use Policy, 22(4), 331-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2004.06.002
Johnston, J., Biro, A., & MacKendrick, N. (2009). Lost in the Supermarket: The Corporate-Organic Foodscape and the Struggle for Food Democracy. Antipode, 41(3), 509-532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2009.00685.x
Laamanen, M., Forno, F., & Wahlen, S. (2023). Neo-materialist movement organisations and the matter of scale: scaling through institutions as prefigurative politics?. Journal of Marketing Management, 39(9-10), 857-878. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2022.2045342
Lamine, C. (2015). Sustainability and resilience in agrifood systems: Reconnecting agriculture, food and the environment. Sociologia Ruralis, 55(1), 41-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/soru.12061
Lang, T. (1999). Food policy for the 21st century. In For Hunger-Proof Cities: Sustainable Urban Food Systems, ed. M. Koc, R. MacRae, L.J.A. Mougeot, and J. Welsh. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 216-224.
Leitheiser, S., & Vezzoni, R. (2024). Joining the ideational and the material: transforming food systems toward radical food democracy. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 8: 1307759. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2024.1307759
Loorbach, D., Wittmayer, J., Avelino, F., von Wirth, T., & Frantzeskaki, N. (2020) Transformative innovation and translocal diffusion. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transition 35, 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eist.2020.01.009
Marradi, C., Mulder, I., (2022). Scaling Local Bottom-Up Innovations through Value Co-Creation. Sustainability 14, 11678. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811678
McIvor, D. W., & Hale, J. (2015). Urban agriculture and the prospects for deep democracy. Agriculture and Human Values, 32(4), 727–741. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-015-9588-9
Marsden, T., Banks, J., & Bristow, G. (2000). Food supply chain approaches: Exploring their role in rural development. Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), 424-438. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-9523.00158
Michel-Villarreal, R., M. Hingley, M. Canavari, & I. Bregoli. (2019) Sustainability in alternative food networks: A systematic literature review. Sustainability 11 (3): 859. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11030859
Moore, M.L et al. (2015) Scaling Out, Scaling Up, Scaling Deep: Strategies of Non-profits in Advancing Systemic Social Innovation. The Journal of Corporate Citizenship 58, 67-84. http://www.jstor.org/stable/jcorpciti.58.67.
Moragues-Faus, A. (2017). Emancipatory or neoliberal food politics? Exploring the “politics of collectivity” of buying groups in the search for egalitarian food democracies. Antipode 49 (2): 455–476. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12274
Mount, P. (2012). Growing local food: Scale and local food systems governance. Agriculture and Human Values, 29(1), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-011-9331-0
Newig, J., Challies, E., Jager, N. W., Kochskaemper, E., & Adzersen, A. (2017). The environmental performance of participatory and collaborative governance: A framework of causal mechanisms. Policy Studies Journal, 46, 269–297. https://doi.org/10.1111/psj.12209
Renting, H., Marsden, T. K., & Banks, J. (2003). Understanding alternative food networks: Exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 35(3), 393-411. https://doi.org/10.1068/a3510
Renting, H., Schermer, M., & Rossi, A. (2012). Building food democracy: exploring civic food networks and newly emerging forms of food citizenship. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 19(3), 289–307. https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v19i3.206
Sage, C. (2014). The Transition Movement and Food Sovereignty: From Local Resilience to Global Engagement in Food System Transformation. Journal of Consumer Culture, 14(2), 254-275. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469540514526281
Seyfang, G. (2006). Ecological citizenship and sustainable consumption: Examining local organic food networks. Journal of Rural Studies, 22(4), 383-395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2006.01.003
Sieveking, A. (2019). Food policy councils as loci for practising food democracy? Insights from the case of Oldenburg, Germany. Politics and Governance 7 (4): 48–58. https://doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i4.2081
Sonnino, R. (2010). Escaping the local trap: Insights on re-localization from school food reform. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 12(1), 23-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/15239080903220120
Tregear, A. (2011). Progressing knowledge in alternative and local food networks: Critical reflections and a research agenda. Journal of Rural Studies, 27(4), 419-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2011.06.003
Welsh, J., & MacRae, R. (1998). Food citizenship and community food security: Lessons from Toronto, Canada. Canadian Journal of Development Studies/Revue Canadienne D’études du Développement, 19(4), 237–255. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.1998.9669786
Westley, F., Antadze, N., Riddell, D. J., Robinson, K., & Geobey, S. (2014). Five Configurations for Scaling Up Social Innovation: Case Examples of Nonprofit Organizations From Canada. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 50(3), 234-260. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021886314532945
Section
Diversity for More Sustainable Food Systems
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
This license is acceptable for Free Cultural Works.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
How to Cite
Forno, F., Giovannini, M. and Kopczynska, E. (2026) “Impacting conventional foodways with food democracy: Diverse scaling strategies in Alternative Food Networks”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 32(1), pp. 301–314. doi:10.48416/ijsaf.v31i1.666.