Documenting working experiences of agricultural workers in California
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Published
Oct 30, 2023
Alvaro Medel-Herrero
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1154-7859
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6032-3555
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-1455
Abstract
Over 800,000 Latina/o agricultural workers are employed in California every year, of whom approximately 400,000 are estimated to be undocumented immigrants. We convened 19 focus groups (FG) between July 2019 and January 2020 in various regions of California to gather information from Latina/o agricultural workers on social stressors. The participants’ narratives focused extensively on working conditions. This paper analyses these narratives and examines working and living conditions, as well as the combined effect of profound deprivations within most significant social domains. Agricultural workers in California characterise their working conditions as little better than slave labour. Systematic abusive practices and exploitation, discrimination, marginalisation, and lack of opportunities were overwhelmingly present in their narratives. Sleep, family, education, economic and health deprivation, as well as housing, food and work insecurity, social discrimination, and institutional racism compound one another to generate a systematic form of oppression that makes social mobility virtually impossible. Efforts to expand and protect labour rights have been inadequate and major improvements are needed to provide basic civil rights.
How to Cite
Medel-Herrero, A., Deeb-Sossa, N., Torreiro-Casal, M., Shumway, M., Hovey, J. and Sokas, R. (2023) “Documenting working experiences of agricultural workers in California”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 29(2), pp. 15–34. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v29i2.525.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Keywords
Occupational health and safety, Labor abuse, Agricultural workers, undocumented population, Latino population
References
Andreas C. Drichoutis. (2017) How much do consumers care about farm labour exploitation? Agricultural Economics Review. Vol 18, No 1
Arcury TA, Quandt SA. (2011) Living and working safely: challenges for migrant and seasonal farmworkers. N C Med J.;72(6):466-470.
Baah FO, Teitelman AM, Riegel B (2019) Marginalization: Conceptualizing patient vulnerabilities in the framework of social determinants of health-An integrative review. Nurs Inq. Jan;26(1):e12268
Belser, P. (2005) Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profit. March 1. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1838403 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1838403
Bletzer, Keith V. (2004) Open Towns and Manipulated Indebtedness among Agricultural Workers in the New South. American Ethnologist 31(4):530–551
Burkhalter H. (2012) Fair Food Program helps end the use of slavery in the tomato fields. Opinions. Washington Post. September 2
Castañeda H, Holmes SM, Madrigal DS, Young ME, Beyeler N, Quesada J. Immigration as a social determinant of health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015 Mar 18;36:375-92. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182419. Epub 2014 Dec 10. PMID: 25494053.
Castrejon R. Equitable Food Initiative (EFI) (2018). Researcher Reveals Powerful Insights About Equitable Food Initiative Results on Farms. October 30
Chavez-Dueñas NY, Adames HY, Organista KC (2014). Skin-Color Prejudice and Within-Group Racial Discrimination: Historical and Current Impact on Latino/a Populations. Hisp J Behav Sci.;36(1):3-26.
Chicas R, Xiuhtecutli N, Houser M, Glastra S, Elon L, Sands JM, McCauley L, Hertzberg V (2022). COVID-19 and Agricultural Workers: A Descriptive Study. J Immigr Minor Health. Feb;24(1):58-64.
Clouser JM, Bush A, Gan W, Swanberg J (2018). Associations of Work Stress, Supervisor Unfairness, and Supervisor Inability to Speak Spanish with Occupational Injury among Latino Farmworkers. J Immigr Minor Health;20(4):894-901. doi:10.1007/s10903-017-0617-1
Culp K, Umbarger M (2004). Seasonal and migrant agricultural workers: a neglected work force. AAOHN J. Sep;52(9):383-90. PMID: 15469136.
Edwards G and Rushin S (2018) The effect of president Trump’s election on hate crimes.
SSRN, 18 January. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=
3102652 (accessed 3 Feb 2022).
El Khayat M, Halwani DA, Hneiny L, Alameddine I, Haidar MA, Habib RR (2022). Impacts of Climate Change and Heat Stress on Farmworkers' Health: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health. Feb 8;10:782811.
Emmel, N. (2013). Sampling and choosing cases in qualitative research: A realist approach. SAGE Publications Ltd, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473913882
Farmworker Justice (2022). What we do. Immigration and labor. Online Information 2022 https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/advocacy_program/immigration-and-labor/
FAO (2011) Agricultural Development Economics Division The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The role of women in agriculture ESA Working Paper No. 11-02 March Available at https://www.fao.org/3/am307e/am307e00.pdf
Fleming PJ, Villa-Torres L, Taboada A, Richards C, Barrington C (2016). Marginalisation, discrimination and the health of Latino immigrant day labourers in a central North Carolina community. Health Soc Care Community. 2017 Mar;25(2):527-537. Doi: 10.1111/hsc.12338. Epub Feb 22. PMID: 26910349; PMCID: PMC4993680.
FWD.us. (2021) Immigrant Farmworkers and America’s Food Production: 5 Things to Know. MARCH 18TH, 2021 Available at: https://www.fwd.us/news/immigrant-farmworkers-and-americas-food-production-5-things-to-know
Garrity, P., & Martin, C. (2018). Developing a microfinance model to break the cycle of poverty. Business Horizons, 61(6), 937-947.
Gatzweiler, F. W., Baumüller, H., Ladenburger, C., & von Braun, J. (2011). Marginality: addressing the root causes of extreme poverty (No. 77). ZEF Working paper series.
Gee GC, Ford CL (2011) Structural racism and health inequities: Old Issues, New Directions. Du Bois Rev. Apr;8(1):115-132.
Goldman S, Aspenson A, Bhatnagar P, Martin R (2021) Essential and in crisis: a review of the public health threats facing farmworkers in the US. May. Center for agriculture and food systems. John Hopkins
González E. (2019) Migrant Farm Workers: Our Nation’s Invisible Population – Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. June 6, By COPDE
Griffith, David, and E. Kissam (1994) Working Poor: Farmworkers in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Giammarinaro MG (2022) Understanding Severe Exploitation Requires a Human Rights and Gender-Sensitive Intersectional Approach. Front. Hum. Dyn. 4:861600. Doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2022.861600
Gunja MZ, Gumas ED, Williams RD, U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2022: Accelerating Spending, Worsening Outcomes (Commonwealth Fund, Jan. 2023). https://doi.org/10.26099/8ejy-yc74
Heine B, Quandt SA, Arcury TA (2017) “Aguantamos”: Limits to Latino Migrant Farmworker Agency in North Carolina Labor Camps. Hum Organ.;76(3):240-250.
Holmes SH (2011): Structural Vulnerability and Hierarchies of Ethnicity and Citizenship on the Farm, Medical Anthropology, 30:4, 425-449
Horst M, Marion A (2019). Racial, ethnic and gender inequities in farmland ownership and farming in the US Agric Hum Values.;2019 v.36 no.1(1):1-16.
Irani T, Pierre BF, Nesbit TS (2021). Agricultural Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Occupational Health and Safety in the Southeastern US Coastal States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jun 19;18(12):6605.
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2022). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Geneva, ISBN: 978-92-2-037483-2
Jasso G (2021) Analyzing Migration Restriction Regimes. Front. Sociol. 6:610432.
Kelkar K. (2016) PBS news. When labor laws left farm workers behind — and vulnerable to abuse. Sep 18. Available at: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/labor-laws-left-farm-workers-behind-vulnerable-abuse
Kim NJ-E, Vasquez VB, Torres E, Nicola RMB, Karr C (2016). Breaking the Silence: Sexual Harassment of Mexican Women Farmworkers. J Agromedicine; v. 21(2):154-162. Doi:10.1080/1059924X.2016.1143903
Lee I (2020) The Exploitation of Labor in Agriculture Various forms of exploitation of labor in agriculture. ArcGis. December 7,
Littenberg, N., Baldwin, S. (2017). The Ignored Exploitation: Labor Trafficking in the United States. In: Chisolm-Straker, M., Stoklosa, H. (eds) Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_5
Martin PL, Taylor JE (2000). "Farm Employment, Immigration, and Poverty: A Vicious Circle?." University of California, Davis, CA
Medel-Herrero A, Torreiro-Casal M, Hovey JD, Rascon-Garcia K, Smiley-Jewell S, Shumway M, Deeb-Sossa N (2021). The increasing toll of racism and discrimination on California agricultural workers and their families under the Trump administration. Ethnicities. Volume: 21 issue: 4, page(s): 638-663
Medel-Herrero A, Martínez-López B (2018). Slowdown in the Decline of Tuberculosis Rates in California, 2000-2016. Am J Public Health. 2019 Feb;109(2):306-312. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304816. Epub Dec 20. PMID: 30571310; PMCID: PMC6336046
Medel-Herrero A, Martínez-López B, Silva-Del-Rio N, Pires AF, Edmondson A, Schenker M (2018). Tuberculosis Prevalence Among US Crop-Workers, 2000 to 2012: Trends and Contributing Factors. J Occup Environ Med. Jul;60(7):603-611.
Méndez M, Flores-Haro G, Zucker L (2020). The (in)visible victims of disaster: Understanding the vulnerability of undocumented Latino/a and indigenous immigrants. Geoforum. Nov;116:50-62.
Morgan, D., & Krueger, R. (1993). When to use focus groups and why. In Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art (pp. 3-19). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483349008
Natalia Deeb-Sossa N, Torreiro-Casal M, Medel-Herrero A (2022). “So-Called Essential but Treated as Disposable:” Northern California Farmworkers working under COVID-19 Latino Studies.
Ornelas I, Fung W, Gabbard S, Carroll D (2022). California Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2015–2019: A Demographic and Employment Profile of California Farmworkers. Research Report No. 15. January. Available at: https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/naws/pdfs/NAWS%20Research%20Report%2015.pdf
Oxfam America (2018). The Best States To Work Index. A Guide To Labor Policy In Us States. Oxfam Research Repor
Palumbo L, Sciurba A (2018). The vulnerability to exploitation of women migrant workers in agriculture in the EU: the need for a Human Rights and Gender based approach. Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union. PE 604.966- May
Perea JF (2011). The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act, 72 OHIO ST. L.J. l 95
Perry, G. (2006). Poverty reduction and growth: virtuous and vicious circles. World Bank Publications.
Piñones Rivera C, Liberona N, Sandra L. (2021). Perspectivas teóricas sobre salud y migración: determinantes sociales, transnacionalismo y vulnerabilidad estructural. Saude e Sociedade. 30. 1-18. 10.1590/S0104-12902021200310.
Postma J, Ramon C (2016). Strengthening Community Capacity for Environmental Health Promotion through Photovoice. Public Health Nurs Boston Mass; 33(4):316-324. doi:10.1111/phn.12243
Quandt SA, Arnold TJ, Mora DC, Sandberg JC, Daniel SS, Arcury TA (2019). Hired Latinx child farm labor in North Carolina: The demand-support-control model applied to a vulnerable worker population. Am J Ind Med. Dec;62(12):1079-1090.
Rauh VA, Landrigan PJ, Claudio L (2008). Housing and health: intersection of poverty and environmental exposures. Ann N Y Acad Sci.;1136:276-288.
Reeves M, Schafer KS. (2003) Greater Risks, Fewer Rights: US Farmworkers and Pesticides, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 9:1, 30-39
Rogaly B (2021). Commentary: Agricultural racial capitalism and rural migrant workers. Journal of Rural Studies, 16 July
Saldanha K (2022). The invisibility of farmworkers: Implications and remedies. Lat Stud 20, 28–49.
Smith-Nonini, Sandy (1999) Uprooting Injustice: A Report on Working Conditions for North Car olina Farmworkers and the Farm Labor Organizing Ccommittee Mt. Olive initiative. Durham, NC: Institute of Southern Studies. 1999
Snipes SA, Cooper SP, Shipp EM 2017). “The Only Thing I Wish I Could Change Is That They Treat Us Like People and Not Like Animals”: Injury and Discrimination Among Latino Farmworkers. J Agromedicine; 22(1):36-46.
Svensson, M., Urinboyev, R., Wigerfelt Svensson, A., Lundqvist, P., Littorin, M., & Albin, M. (2013). Migrant agricultural workers and their socio‐economic, occupational and health conditions–a literature review. Occupational and Health Conditions–A Literature Review (July 1, 2013).
Summers P, Quandt SA, Talton JW, Galván L, Arcury TA (2015). Hidden Farmworker Labor Camps in North Carolina: An Indicator of Structural Vulnerability. Am J Public Health;105(12):2570-2575.
Texas RioGrande Legal Aid (2020). Migrant Farmworkers Repeatedly Sprayed with Pesticides in Illinois Sue Pioneer Hi-Bred, Pesticide Applicators. Dozens of Texas workers suffered severe injuries while working in central Illinois cornfield. Dec. 3, Available at https://www.trla.org/press-releases-1/migrant-farmworkers-repeatedly-sprayed-with-pesticides-in-illinois-sue-pioneer-hi-bred-pesticide-applicators
Todd, S. W., Lumsden, E. W., Aracava, Y., Mamczarz, J., Albuquerque, E. X., Pereira, E. (2020). Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology, 180, 108271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271
USCCR - United States Commission on Civil Rights (2019) In the Name of Hate: Examining the Federal Government’s Role in Responding to Hate Crimes. Washington,
DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. November 13
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2021) Economic Research Service. Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials. Wednesday, June 02, Available at: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/ag-and-food-sectors-and-the-economy/
Villarreal A (2014). Explaining the decline in Mexico-US Migration: the effect of the Great Recession. Demography. Dec;51(6):2203-28
U.S. Department of Justice Press Release Owner of Farm Labor Company Sentenced to 118 Months in Prison for Leading a Multi-State Conspiracy Involving Forced Labor of Mexican Farm Workers Dec 29, 2022 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/owner-farm-labor-company-sentenced-118-months-prison-leading-multi-state-conspiracy-involving (Accessed 2/7/23)
Villarreal A (2010). Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico. Am Sociol Rev.;75(5):652-678.
Wagmiller, R. L., & Adelman, R. M. (2009). Childhood and intergenerational poverty: The long-term consequences of growing up poor. National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University. June 7
Waugh IM (2010). Examining the sexual harassment experiences of Mexican immigrant farmworking women. Violence Women;16(3):237-261.
Wurth, M (2018). More US Child Workers Die in Agriculture Than in Any Other Industry New US Government Report Highlights Dangers Caused by Weak Child Labor Laws. HRW news. December 4, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/12/04/more-us-child-workers-die-agriculture-any-other-industry#
Zajacova A, Lawrence EM. The Relationship Between Education and Health: Reducing Disparities Through a Contextual Approach. Annu Rev Public Health. 2018 Apr 1;39:273-289. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628. Epub 2018 Jan 12. PMID: 29328865; PMCID: PMC5880718.
Zawojska, A. (2016). Exploitation of migrant labour force in the EU agriculture. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie. Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, 116, 37–55.
Arcury TA, Quandt SA. (2011) Living and working safely: challenges for migrant and seasonal farmworkers. N C Med J.;72(6):466-470.
Baah FO, Teitelman AM, Riegel B (2019) Marginalization: Conceptualizing patient vulnerabilities in the framework of social determinants of health-An integrative review. Nurs Inq. Jan;26(1):e12268
Belser, P. (2005) Forced Labour and Human Trafficking: Estimating the Profit. March 1. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1838403 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1838403
Bletzer, Keith V. (2004) Open Towns and Manipulated Indebtedness among Agricultural Workers in the New South. American Ethnologist 31(4):530–551
Burkhalter H. (2012) Fair Food Program helps end the use of slavery in the tomato fields. Opinions. Washington Post. September 2
Castañeda H, Holmes SM, Madrigal DS, Young ME, Beyeler N, Quesada J. Immigration as a social determinant of health. Annu Rev Public Health. 2015 Mar 18;36:375-92. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182419. Epub 2014 Dec 10. PMID: 25494053.
Castrejon R. Equitable Food Initiative (EFI) (2018). Researcher Reveals Powerful Insights About Equitable Food Initiative Results on Farms. October 30
Chavez-Dueñas NY, Adames HY, Organista KC (2014). Skin-Color Prejudice and Within-Group Racial Discrimination: Historical and Current Impact on Latino/a Populations. Hisp J Behav Sci.;36(1):3-26.
Chicas R, Xiuhtecutli N, Houser M, Glastra S, Elon L, Sands JM, McCauley L, Hertzberg V (2022). COVID-19 and Agricultural Workers: A Descriptive Study. J Immigr Minor Health. Feb;24(1):58-64.
Clouser JM, Bush A, Gan W, Swanberg J (2018). Associations of Work Stress, Supervisor Unfairness, and Supervisor Inability to Speak Spanish with Occupational Injury among Latino Farmworkers. J Immigr Minor Health;20(4):894-901. doi:10.1007/s10903-017-0617-1
Culp K, Umbarger M (2004). Seasonal and migrant agricultural workers: a neglected work force. AAOHN J. Sep;52(9):383-90. PMID: 15469136.
Edwards G and Rushin S (2018) The effect of president Trump’s election on hate crimes.
SSRN, 18 January. Available at: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=
3102652 (accessed 3 Feb 2022).
El Khayat M, Halwani DA, Hneiny L, Alameddine I, Haidar MA, Habib RR (2022). Impacts of Climate Change and Heat Stress on Farmworkers' Health: A Scoping Review. Front Public Health. Feb 8;10:782811.
Emmel, N. (2013). Sampling and choosing cases in qualitative research: A realist approach. SAGE Publications Ltd, https://doi.org/10.4135/9781473913882
Farmworker Justice (2022). What we do. Immigration and labor. Online Information 2022 https://www.farmworkerjustice.org/advocacy_program/immigration-and-labor/
FAO (2011) Agricultural Development Economics Division The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations The role of women in agriculture ESA Working Paper No. 11-02 March Available at https://www.fao.org/3/am307e/am307e00.pdf
Fleming PJ, Villa-Torres L, Taboada A, Richards C, Barrington C (2016). Marginalisation, discrimination and the health of Latino immigrant day labourers in a central North Carolina community. Health Soc Care Community. 2017 Mar;25(2):527-537. Doi: 10.1111/hsc.12338. Epub Feb 22. PMID: 26910349; PMCID: PMC4993680.
FWD.us. (2021) Immigrant Farmworkers and America’s Food Production: 5 Things to Know. MARCH 18TH, 2021 Available at: https://www.fwd.us/news/immigrant-farmworkers-and-americas-food-production-5-things-to-know
Garrity, P., & Martin, C. (2018). Developing a microfinance model to break the cycle of poverty. Business Horizons, 61(6), 937-947.
Gatzweiler, F. W., Baumüller, H., Ladenburger, C., & von Braun, J. (2011). Marginality: addressing the root causes of extreme poverty (No. 77). ZEF Working paper series.
Gee GC, Ford CL (2011) Structural racism and health inequities: Old Issues, New Directions. Du Bois Rev. Apr;8(1):115-132.
Goldman S, Aspenson A, Bhatnagar P, Martin R (2021) Essential and in crisis: a review of the public health threats facing farmworkers in the US. May. Center for agriculture and food systems. John Hopkins
González E. (2019) Migrant Farm Workers: Our Nation’s Invisible Population – Diversity, Equity and Inclusion. June 6, By COPDE
Griffith, David, and E. Kissam (1994) Working Poor: Farmworkers in the United States. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Giammarinaro MG (2022) Understanding Severe Exploitation Requires a Human Rights and Gender-Sensitive Intersectional Approach. Front. Hum. Dyn. 4:861600. Doi: 10.3389/fhumd.2022.861600
Gunja MZ, Gumas ED, Williams RD, U.S. Health Care from a Global Perspective, 2022: Accelerating Spending, Worsening Outcomes (Commonwealth Fund, Jan. 2023). https://doi.org/10.26099/8ejy-yc74
Heine B, Quandt SA, Arcury TA (2017) “Aguantamos”: Limits to Latino Migrant Farmworker Agency in North Carolina Labor Camps. Hum Organ.;76(3):240-250.
Holmes SH (2011): Structural Vulnerability and Hierarchies of Ethnicity and Citizenship on the Farm, Medical Anthropology, 30:4, 425-449
Horst M, Marion A (2019). Racial, ethnic and gender inequities in farmland ownership and farming in the US Agric Hum Values.;2019 v.36 no.1(1):1-16.
Irani T, Pierre BF, Nesbit TS (2021). Agricultural Stakeholders’ Perceptions of Occupational Health and Safety in the Southeastern US Coastal States. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Jun 19;18(12):6605.
International Labour Organization (ILO) (2022). Global Estimates of Modern Slavery: Forced Labour and Forced Marriage Geneva, ISBN: 978-92-2-037483-2
Jasso G (2021) Analyzing Migration Restriction Regimes. Front. Sociol. 6:610432.
Kelkar K. (2016) PBS news. When labor laws left farm workers behind — and vulnerable to abuse. Sep 18. Available at: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/labor-laws-left-farm-workers-behind-vulnerable-abuse
Kim NJ-E, Vasquez VB, Torres E, Nicola RMB, Karr C (2016). Breaking the Silence: Sexual Harassment of Mexican Women Farmworkers. J Agromedicine; v. 21(2):154-162. Doi:10.1080/1059924X.2016.1143903
Lee I (2020) The Exploitation of Labor in Agriculture Various forms of exploitation of labor in agriculture. ArcGis. December 7,
Littenberg, N., Baldwin, S. (2017). The Ignored Exploitation: Labor Trafficking in the United States. In: Chisolm-Straker, M., Stoklosa, H. (eds) Human Trafficking Is a Public Health Issue. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47824-1_5
Martin PL, Taylor JE (2000). "Farm Employment, Immigration, and Poverty: A Vicious Circle?." University of California, Davis, CA
Medel-Herrero A, Torreiro-Casal M, Hovey JD, Rascon-Garcia K, Smiley-Jewell S, Shumway M, Deeb-Sossa N (2021). The increasing toll of racism and discrimination on California agricultural workers and their families under the Trump administration. Ethnicities. Volume: 21 issue: 4, page(s): 638-663
Medel-Herrero A, Martínez-López B (2018). Slowdown in the Decline of Tuberculosis Rates in California, 2000-2016. Am J Public Health. 2019 Feb;109(2):306-312. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2018.304816. Epub Dec 20. PMID: 30571310; PMCID: PMC6336046
Medel-Herrero A, Martínez-López B, Silva-Del-Rio N, Pires AF, Edmondson A, Schenker M (2018). Tuberculosis Prevalence Among US Crop-Workers, 2000 to 2012: Trends and Contributing Factors. J Occup Environ Med. Jul;60(7):603-611.
Méndez M, Flores-Haro G, Zucker L (2020). The (in)visible victims of disaster: Understanding the vulnerability of undocumented Latino/a and indigenous immigrants. Geoforum. Nov;116:50-62.
Morgan, D., & Krueger, R. (1993). When to use focus groups and why. In Successful Focus Groups: Advancing the State of the Art (pp. 3-19). SAGE Publications, Inc., https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483349008
Natalia Deeb-Sossa N, Torreiro-Casal M, Medel-Herrero A (2022). “So-Called Essential but Treated as Disposable:” Northern California Farmworkers working under COVID-19 Latino Studies.
Ornelas I, Fung W, Gabbard S, Carroll D (2022). California Findings from the National Agricultural Workers Survey (NAWS) 2015–2019: A Demographic and Employment Profile of California Farmworkers. Research Report No. 15. January. Available at: https://www.dol.gov/sites/dolgov/files/ETA/naws/pdfs/NAWS%20Research%20Report%2015.pdf
Oxfam America (2018). The Best States To Work Index. A Guide To Labor Policy In Us States. Oxfam Research Repor
Palumbo L, Sciurba A (2018). The vulnerability to exploitation of women migrant workers in agriculture in the EU: the need for a Human Rights and Gender based approach. Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs. Directorate General for Internal Policies of the Union. PE 604.966- May
Perea JF (2011). The Echoes of Slavery: Recognizing the Racist Origins of the Agricultural and Domestic Worker Exclusion from the National Labor Relations Act, 72 OHIO ST. L.J. l 95
Perry, G. (2006). Poverty reduction and growth: virtuous and vicious circles. World Bank Publications.
Piñones Rivera C, Liberona N, Sandra L. (2021). Perspectivas teóricas sobre salud y migración: determinantes sociales, transnacionalismo y vulnerabilidad estructural. Saude e Sociedade. 30. 1-18. 10.1590/S0104-12902021200310.
Postma J, Ramon C (2016). Strengthening Community Capacity for Environmental Health Promotion through Photovoice. Public Health Nurs Boston Mass; 33(4):316-324. doi:10.1111/phn.12243
Quandt SA, Arnold TJ, Mora DC, Sandberg JC, Daniel SS, Arcury TA (2019). Hired Latinx child farm labor in North Carolina: The demand-support-control model applied to a vulnerable worker population. Am J Ind Med. Dec;62(12):1079-1090.
Rauh VA, Landrigan PJ, Claudio L (2008). Housing and health: intersection of poverty and environmental exposures. Ann N Y Acad Sci.;1136:276-288.
Reeves M, Schafer KS. (2003) Greater Risks, Fewer Rights: US Farmworkers and Pesticides, International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, 9:1, 30-39
Rogaly B (2021). Commentary: Agricultural racial capitalism and rural migrant workers. Journal of Rural Studies, 16 July
Saldanha K (2022). The invisibility of farmworkers: Implications and remedies. Lat Stud 20, 28–49.
Smith-Nonini, Sandy (1999) Uprooting Injustice: A Report on Working Conditions for North Car olina Farmworkers and the Farm Labor Organizing Ccommittee Mt. Olive initiative. Durham, NC: Institute of Southern Studies. 1999
Snipes SA, Cooper SP, Shipp EM 2017). “The Only Thing I Wish I Could Change Is That They Treat Us Like People and Not Like Animals”: Injury and Discrimination Among Latino Farmworkers. J Agromedicine; 22(1):36-46.
Svensson, M., Urinboyev, R., Wigerfelt Svensson, A., Lundqvist, P., Littorin, M., & Albin, M. (2013). Migrant agricultural workers and their socio‐economic, occupational and health conditions–a literature review. Occupational and Health Conditions–A Literature Review (July 1, 2013).
Summers P, Quandt SA, Talton JW, Galván L, Arcury TA (2015). Hidden Farmworker Labor Camps in North Carolina: An Indicator of Structural Vulnerability. Am J Public Health;105(12):2570-2575.
Texas RioGrande Legal Aid (2020). Migrant Farmworkers Repeatedly Sprayed with Pesticides in Illinois Sue Pioneer Hi-Bred, Pesticide Applicators. Dozens of Texas workers suffered severe injuries while working in central Illinois cornfield. Dec. 3, Available at https://www.trla.org/press-releases-1/migrant-farmworkers-repeatedly-sprayed-with-pesticides-in-illinois-sue-pioneer-hi-bred-pesticide-applicators
Todd, S. W., Lumsden, E. W., Aracava, Y., Mamczarz, J., Albuquerque, E. X., Pereira, E. (2020). Gestational exposures to organophosphorus insecticides: From acute poisoning to developmental neurotoxicity. Neuropharmacology, 180, 108271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108271
USCCR - United States Commission on Civil Rights (2019) In the Name of Hate: Examining the Federal Government’s Role in Responding to Hate Crimes. Washington,
DC: U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. November 13
US Department of Agriculture (USDA) (2021) Economic Research Service. Ag and Food Statistics: Charting the Essentials. Wednesday, June 02, Available at: https://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/ag-and-food-statistics-charting-the-essentials/ag-and-food-sectors-and-the-economy/
Villarreal A (2014). Explaining the decline in Mexico-US Migration: the effect of the Great Recession. Demography. Dec;51(6):2203-28
U.S. Department of Justice Press Release Owner of Farm Labor Company Sentenced to 118 Months in Prison for Leading a Multi-State Conspiracy Involving Forced Labor of Mexican Farm Workers Dec 29, 2022 https://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/owner-farm-labor-company-sentenced-118-months-prison-leading-multi-state-conspiracy-involving (Accessed 2/7/23)
Villarreal A (2010). Stratification by Skin Color in Contemporary Mexico. Am Sociol Rev.;75(5):652-678.
Wagmiller, R. L., & Adelman, R. M. (2009). Childhood and intergenerational poverty: The long-term consequences of growing up poor. National Center for Children in Poverty, Columbia University. June 7
Waugh IM (2010). Examining the sexual harassment experiences of Mexican immigrant farmworking women. Violence Women;16(3):237-261.
Wurth, M (2018). More US Child Workers Die in Agriculture Than in Any Other Industry New US Government Report Highlights Dangers Caused by Weak Child Labor Laws. HRW news. December 4, https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/12/04/more-us-child-workers-die-agriculture-any-other-industry#
Zajacova A, Lawrence EM. The Relationship Between Education and Health: Reducing Disparities Through a Contextual Approach. Annu Rev Public Health. 2018 Apr 1;39:273-289. doi: 10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628. Epub 2018 Jan 12. PMID: 29328865; PMCID: PMC5880718.
Zawojska, A. (2016). Exploitation of migrant labour force in the EU agriculture. Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie. Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej, 116, 37–55.
Issue
Section
Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
This license is acceptable for Free Cultural Works.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.