Knowledge on agroecology disseminated by the FAO Assessment from a human-nature relationship perspective
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Published
01-04-2025
Federico Augusto Murriel Gonzales
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3828-8937
Abstract
This study assesses the knowledge on agroecology disseminated by the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) through its Agroecology Knowledge Hub (AKH), from a human-nature relationship perspective. It focuses on the knowledge contained in scientific articles published between 2014 and 2023. Using a theoretical framework based on the concept of human-nature relationship and a methodology rooted in content analysis techniques, the study seeks to answer the following research question: What knowledge on agroecology that contributes to the reconnection between humans and nature has the FAO disseminated during the period 2014-2023? To this end, the study: (1) depicts the main trends and geopolitical distribution of the knowledge disseminated through the AKH during the specified period, (2) reveals the human-nature relationship perspectives embodied in this knowledge, and (3) delves into the state of this knowledge. The findings suggest that the knowledge disseminated through the FAO’s AKH does not fully contribute to the reconnection between humans and nature within the agricultural realm. The discrepancy may be attributed to patterns of coloniality of knowledge, the preference for disseminating knowledge rooted in positivist/post-positivist foundations and in an extractivist logic and a mechanistic view of nature, and the potential perpetuation of the Western worldview in the production of knowledge. The study concludes by urging the FAO to take ethical responsibility for its knowledge dissemination, and recommends that knowledge producers challenge prevailing theoretical frameworks and epistemological positions guiding the generation of knowledge on agroecology.
How to Cite
“Knowledge on agroecology disseminated by the FAO: Assessment from a human-nature relationship perspective” (2025) The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 31(1), pp. 15–52. doi:10.48416/ijsaf.v31i1.636.
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Keywords
agroecology, knowledge, human-nature relationship, content analysis, FAO
References
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Aparecida Â, de Sousa Baracho I, Gonçalves M and Santos V (2020) Interdisciplinaridade, agroecologia e o homem como sujeito ativo na relação com a natureza. Brazilian Journal of Development 6(9): 69208-69225. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n9-388
Barbour I (1980) Technology, Environment, and Human Values. New York: Preager Publishers.
Berman M (1987) El reencantamiento del mundo. Santiago: Cuatro Vientos Editorial.
Bernard B and Lux A (2017) How to feed the world sustainably: an overview of the discourse on agroecology and sustainable intensification. Regional Environmental Change 17(5): 1279-1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1027-y
Bernete F (2013) Análisis de contenido. In: Marín AL and Noboa A (eds) Conocer lo social: estrategias y técnicas de construcción y análisis de datos. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 221-262.
Cerdan C, Biénabe E, David-Benz H, Lemeilleur S, Marie-Vivien D, Vagneron I and Moustier P (2019) What market dynamics for promoting an agroecological transition? In: Côte FX, Poirier-Magona E, Perret S, Rapidel B, Roudier P and Thirion MC (eds) The Agroecological Transition of Agricultural Systems in the Global South. Versailles: Éditions Quae, pp. 271-292.
da Silva T, Taboada G and Lopes J (2020) The agroecology power: How the environmental representation and management of leafcutting ants by peasants from Assentamento Denis Goncalves can be transformed. Ethnobiology and Conservation 9(26): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2020-06-9.26-1-24
De Groot W (1992) Environmental Science Theory: Concepts, and Methods in Problem-Oriented, One-World Paradigm. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
de Sousa B and Meneses MP (2014) Introducción. In: de Sousa B and Meneses M (eds) Epistemologías del sur: Perspectivas. Madrid: Ediciones Akal, pp. 7-17.
Domptail SE, Hirsch J and Ume C (2021) Agroecology as an ontology to guide agricultural and food systems. In: 61st annual conference of the Society for Economic and Social Sciences of Agriculture (ed H Grethe), Berlin, Germany, 24 September 2021, pp. 51-61. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Domptail SE, Hirsch J and Nuppenau EA (2023) Decolonizing nature? Worldviews of agroecological farmers in Germany to address the global environmental crisis. In: De Santo MK and Domptail SE (eds) Degrowth Decolonization and Development. Cham: Springer, pp. 115-147.
Eschenhagen ML (2017) Tres ejes de diálogo epistemológico para aproximarse a una interpretación de la relación ser humano-naturaleza. Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales (32): 185-205. https://doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2017.n32-10
Eschenhagen ML (2022) Entrevista a Maria Luisa Eschenhagen Durán. Cosmotheoros Revista Internacional de Epistemología Ambiental 2(2): 79-101.
Eversberg D, Koch P, Holz J, Pungas L and Stein A (2022) Social relationships with nature: elements of a framework for socio-ecological structure analysis. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 35(3): 389-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2022.2095989
FAO (2023) Agroecology Knowledge Hub. Available at: https://www.fao.org/agroecology/overview/our-work/en/ (accesed 19 May 2023)
Fazey I, Schäpke N, Caniglia G, Hodgson A, Kendrick I, Lyon C, . . . Young HR (2020) Transforming knowledge systems for life on Earth: Visions of future systems and how to get there. Energy Research & Social Science 70: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101724
Fernández C, Ollivier G and Bellon S (2021) Transdisciplinarity in agroecology: practices and perspectives in Europe. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 45(4): 523-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2020.1842285
Flint C, Kunze I, Muhar A, Yoshida Y and Penker M (2013) Exploring empirical typologies of human-nature relationships and linkages to the ecosystem services concept. Landscape and Urban Planning 120: 208-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.09.002
Gallardo F, Hernández MA, Cisneros P and Linares A (2018) Development of the Concept of Agroecology in Europe: A Review. Sustainability 10: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041210
Gallardo F, Hernández MA, Linares A and Cisneros P (2019) Scientific contributions of agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean: a review. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo 51(1): 215-229.
Garcia-Polo J, Falkowski T, Mokashi S, Law E, Fix A and Diemont S (2021) Restoring ecosystems and eating them too: guidance from agroecology for sustainability. Restoration Ecology 29(8): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13509
Gazzano I, Fontans EA, Ariza J, Sosa B and Achkar M (2022) Agroecología en Uruguay: caracterización de los aportes en el Congreso Latinoamericano 2020. Agrociencia Uruguay 26(3): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.31285/AGRO.26.971
Giagnocavo C, de Cara-García M, González M, Juan M, Marín-Guirao JI, Mehrabi S, . . . Crisol-Martínez E (2022) Reconnecting farmers with nature through agroecological transitions: interacting niches and experimentation and the role of agricultural knowledge and innovation systems. Agriculture 12(2): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020137
Gil IM (2012) El rol de las universidades públicas frente a la responsabilidad social universitaria. Revista Panorama Económico (20): 235-250. https://doi.org/10.32997/2463-0470-vol.20-num.0-2012-346
Giraldo OF and Rosset PM (2016) La agroecología en una encrucijada: entre la institucionalidad y los movimientos sociales. Guaju Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável 2(1): 14-37.
Gómez LF, Ríos L and Eschenhagen ML (2013) Agroecology publications and coloniality of knowledge. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33(2): 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0109-6
Gómez F, Ríos-Osorio L and Eschenhagen ML (2015) Las bases epistemológicas de la agroecología. Agrociencia 49(6): 679-688.
Guba EG and Lincoln YS (1998) Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In: Denzin NK and Lincoln YS (eds) The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publicataions, pp. 195-220.
Guba EG and Lincoln YS (2002) Paradigmas en competencia en la investigación cualitativa. In: Denman C and Haro JA (eds) Por los rincones: Antología de métodos cualitativos en la investigación social. Sonora: Colegio de Sonora, pp. 113-145.
Guzmán G, Gonzales M and Sevilla E (2000) Introducción a la agroecología como desarrollo rural sostenible. Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.
Knorr D and Watkins T (1984) Alterations in Food Production. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Krippendorff K (2019) Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
Leff E (2002) Agroecologia e saber ambiental. Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável 3(1): 36-51.
Loconto A and Fouilleux E (2019) Defining agroecology: Exploring the circulation of knowledge in FAO’s Global Dialogue. The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 25(2): 116-137. https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v25i2.27
Losada JJ, Trujillo HF and Lugo LJ (2023) Extractive logic of the coloniality of nature: Feeling-thinking through agroecology as a decolonial project. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 34(1): 88-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2022.2127416
Lugo LJ (2019) Agroecología y pensamiento decolonial: las agroecologías otras interepistémicas. Ibagué: Universidad del Tolima.
Muradian R and Pascual U (2018) A typology of elementary forms of human-nature relations: a contribution to the valuation debate. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 35: 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.014
Nieto E, Valencia F and Giraldo R (2013) Bases pluriepistemológicas de los estudios en agroecología. Entramado 9(1), 204-211.
Nyéléni. (2015). Declaración del Foro Internacional de Agroecología. Available at: https://www.foodsovereignty.org/es/forum-agroecology-nyeleni-2015/ (accessed 7 August 2023)
Ortiz R (2009) La supremacía del inglés en las ciencias sociales. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno.
Pinzón N, Galt R and Baukloh MB (2023) Identifying social science engagement within agroecology: Classifying transdisciplinary literature with a semi-automated textual classification method. PLoS ONE 18(2): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278991
Polo J and Piñeiro E (2019) Ciencia moderna, planeta torurado: Una reflexión crítica sobre el modo eurocéntrico de conocer la naturaleza e intervenir en el medio ambiente. Izquierdas (46): 194-217. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50492019000200194
Pozzoli MT (2007) Transformar el conocimiento en la sociedad globalizada: Pensamiento complejo y transdisciplinariedad. Polis 16: 1-25.
Roca-Servat D and Carmona LS (2020) Investigar el desarrollo: Una propuesta pedagógica y metodológica reflexiva. In: Roca-Servat D and Carmona LS, Investigar el desarrollo para debatirlo: Aportes epistémicos, interdisciplinares y multiescalares desde la maestría en desarrollo. Medellín: Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, pp. 19-54.
Ruiz-Rosado O (2006) Agroecología: una disciplina que tiende a la transdisciplina. Interciencia 31(2): 140-145.
Sivini S and Vitale A (2023) Multifunctional and agroecological agriculture as pathways of generational renewal in Italian rural areas. Sustainability 15(7): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075990
Souza J (2018) El proceso de artificialización de la naturaleza y el desarrollo de la agroecología en la Argentina. Revista Cultura Económica 36(96): 43-76.
Steinhäuser C (2020) Mountain farmers’ intangible values foster agroecological landscapes: case studies from Sierra Santa Victoria in northwest Argentina and the Ladin Dolomites, northern Italy. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 44(3): 352-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1624285
Tifni EA (2023) ¿Qué piensan quienes producen? Representaciones en torno a la relación sociedad-naturaleza de familias productoras del sur santafesino. Historia Regional 36(48): 1-16.
Vieira MI, Cardoso IM and Otsuki K (2016) “I made a pact with God, with nature, and with myself”: exploring deep agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 40(2): 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1115798
Wezel A and Soldat V (2009) A quantitative and qualitative historical analysis of the scientific discipline of agroecology. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7(1): 3-18. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0400
Aparecida Â, de Sousa Baracho I, Gonçalves M and Santos V (2020) Interdisciplinaridade, agroecologia e o homem como sujeito ativo na relação com a natureza. Brazilian Journal of Development 6(9): 69208-69225. https://doi.org/10.34117/bjdv6n9-388
Barbour I (1980) Technology, Environment, and Human Values. New York: Preager Publishers.
Berman M (1987) El reencantamiento del mundo. Santiago: Cuatro Vientos Editorial.
Bernard B and Lux A (2017) How to feed the world sustainably: an overview of the discourse on agroecology and sustainable intensification. Regional Environmental Change 17(5): 1279-1290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-016-1027-y
Bernete F (2013) Análisis de contenido. In: Marín AL and Noboa A (eds) Conocer lo social: estrategias y técnicas de construcción y análisis de datos. Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid, pp. 221-262.
Cerdan C, Biénabe E, David-Benz H, Lemeilleur S, Marie-Vivien D, Vagneron I and Moustier P (2019) What market dynamics for promoting an agroecological transition? In: Côte FX, Poirier-Magona E, Perret S, Rapidel B, Roudier P and Thirion MC (eds) The Agroecological Transition of Agricultural Systems in the Global South. Versailles: Éditions Quae, pp. 271-292.
da Silva T, Taboada G and Lopes J (2020) The agroecology power: How the environmental representation and management of leafcutting ants by peasants from Assentamento Denis Goncalves can be transformed. Ethnobiology and Conservation 9(26): 1-23. https://doi.org/10.15451/ec2020-06-9.26-1-24
De Groot W (1992) Environmental Science Theory: Concepts, and Methods in Problem-Oriented, One-World Paradigm. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers.
de Sousa B and Meneses MP (2014) Introducción. In: de Sousa B and Meneses M (eds) Epistemologías del sur: Perspectivas. Madrid: Ediciones Akal, pp. 7-17.
Domptail SE, Hirsch J and Ume C (2021) Agroecology as an ontology to guide agricultural and food systems. In: 61st annual conference of the Society for Economic and Social Sciences of Agriculture (ed H Grethe), Berlin, Germany, 24 September 2021, pp. 51-61. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.
Domptail SE, Hirsch J and Nuppenau EA (2023) Decolonizing nature? Worldviews of agroecological farmers in Germany to address the global environmental crisis. In: De Santo MK and Domptail SE (eds) Degrowth Decolonization and Development. Cham: Springer, pp. 115-147.
Eschenhagen ML (2017) Tres ejes de diálogo epistemológico para aproximarse a una interpretación de la relación ser humano-naturaleza. Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales (32): 185-205. https://doi.org/10.4206/rev.austral.cienc.soc.2017.n32-10
Eschenhagen ML (2022) Entrevista a Maria Luisa Eschenhagen Durán. Cosmotheoros Revista Internacional de Epistemología Ambiental 2(2): 79-101.
Eversberg D, Koch P, Holz J, Pungas L and Stein A (2022) Social relationships with nature: elements of a framework for socio-ecological structure analysis. Innovation: The European Journal of Social Science Research 35(3): 389-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/13511610.2022.2095989
FAO (2023) Agroecology Knowledge Hub. Available at: https://www.fao.org/agroecology/overview/our-work/en/ (accesed 19 May 2023)
Fazey I, Schäpke N, Caniglia G, Hodgson A, Kendrick I, Lyon C, . . . Young HR (2020) Transforming knowledge systems for life on Earth: Visions of future systems and how to get there. Energy Research & Social Science 70: 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101724
Fernández C, Ollivier G and Bellon S (2021) Transdisciplinarity in agroecology: practices and perspectives in Europe. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 45(4): 523-550. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2020.1842285
Flint C, Kunze I, Muhar A, Yoshida Y and Penker M (2013) Exploring empirical typologies of human-nature relationships and linkages to the ecosystem services concept. Landscape and Urban Planning 120: 208-207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2013.09.002
Gallardo F, Hernández MA, Cisneros P and Linares A (2018) Development of the Concept of Agroecology in Europe: A Review. Sustainability 10: 1-23. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10041210
Gallardo F, Hernández MA, Linares A and Cisneros P (2019) Scientific contributions of agroecology in Latin America and the Caribbean: a review. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo 51(1): 215-229.
Garcia-Polo J, Falkowski T, Mokashi S, Law E, Fix A and Diemont S (2021) Restoring ecosystems and eating them too: guidance from agroecology for sustainability. Restoration Ecology 29(8): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec.13509
Gazzano I, Fontans EA, Ariza J, Sosa B and Achkar M (2022) Agroecología en Uruguay: caracterización de los aportes en el Congreso Latinoamericano 2020. Agrociencia Uruguay 26(3): 1-15. https://doi.org/10.31285/AGRO.26.971
Giagnocavo C, de Cara-García M, González M, Juan M, Marín-Guirao JI, Mehrabi S, . . . Crisol-Martínez E (2022) Reconnecting farmers with nature through agroecological transitions: interacting niches and experimentation and the role of agricultural knowledge and innovation systems. Agriculture 12(2): 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12020137
Gil IM (2012) El rol de las universidades públicas frente a la responsabilidad social universitaria. Revista Panorama Económico (20): 235-250. https://doi.org/10.32997/2463-0470-vol.20-num.0-2012-346
Giraldo OF and Rosset PM (2016) La agroecología en una encrucijada: entre la institucionalidad y los movimientos sociales. Guaju Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Territorial Sustentável 2(1): 14-37.
Gómez LF, Ríos L and Eschenhagen ML (2013) Agroecology publications and coloniality of knowledge. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 33(2): 355-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-012-0109-6
Gómez F, Ríos-Osorio L and Eschenhagen ML (2015) Las bases epistemológicas de la agroecología. Agrociencia 49(6): 679-688.
Guba EG and Lincoln YS (1998) Competing paradigms in qualitative research. In: Denzin NK and Lincoln YS (eds) The Landscape of Qualitative Research: Theories and Issues. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publicataions, pp. 195-220.
Guba EG and Lincoln YS (2002) Paradigmas en competencia en la investigación cualitativa. In: Denman C and Haro JA (eds) Por los rincones: Antología de métodos cualitativos en la investigación social. Sonora: Colegio de Sonora, pp. 113-145.
Guzmán G, Gonzales M and Sevilla E (2000) Introducción a la agroecología como desarrollo rural sostenible. Madrid: Ediciones Mundi-Prensa.
Knorr D and Watkins T (1984) Alterations in Food Production. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Krippendorff K (2019) Content Analysis: An Introduction to its Methodology. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071878781
Leff E (2002) Agroecologia e saber ambiental. Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável 3(1): 36-51.
Loconto A and Fouilleux E (2019) Defining agroecology: Exploring the circulation of knowledge in FAO’s Global Dialogue. The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 25(2): 116-137. https://doi.org/10.48416/ijsaf.v25i2.27
Losada JJ, Trujillo HF and Lugo LJ (2023) Extractive logic of the coloniality of nature: Feeling-thinking through agroecology as a decolonial project. Capitalism, Nature, Socialism 34(1): 88-106. https://doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2022.2127416
Lugo LJ (2019) Agroecología y pensamiento decolonial: las agroecologías otras interepistémicas. Ibagué: Universidad del Tolima.
Muradian R and Pascual U (2018) A typology of elementary forms of human-nature relations: a contribution to the valuation debate. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability 35: 8-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2018.10.014
Nieto E, Valencia F and Giraldo R (2013) Bases pluriepistemológicas de los estudios en agroecología. Entramado 9(1), 204-211.
Nyéléni. (2015). Declaración del Foro Internacional de Agroecología. Available at: https://www.foodsovereignty.org/es/forum-agroecology-nyeleni-2015/ (accessed 7 August 2023)
Ortiz R (2009) La supremacía del inglés en las ciencias sociales. Buenos Aires: Siglo Veintiuno.
Pinzón N, Galt R and Baukloh MB (2023) Identifying social science engagement within agroecology: Classifying transdisciplinary literature with a semi-automated textual classification method. PLoS ONE 18(2): 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278991
Polo J and Piñeiro E (2019) Ciencia moderna, planeta torurado: Una reflexión crítica sobre el modo eurocéntrico de conocer la naturaleza e intervenir en el medio ambiente. Izquierdas (46): 194-217. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-50492019000200194
Pozzoli MT (2007) Transformar el conocimiento en la sociedad globalizada: Pensamiento complejo y transdisciplinariedad. Polis 16: 1-25.
Roca-Servat D and Carmona LS (2020) Investigar el desarrollo: Una propuesta pedagógica y metodológica reflexiva. In: Roca-Servat D and Carmona LS, Investigar el desarrollo para debatirlo: Aportes epistémicos, interdisciplinares y multiescalares desde la maestría en desarrollo. Medellín: Editorial Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, pp. 19-54.
Ruiz-Rosado O (2006) Agroecología: una disciplina que tiende a la transdisciplina. Interciencia 31(2): 140-145.
Sivini S and Vitale A (2023) Multifunctional and agroecological agriculture as pathways of generational renewal in Italian rural areas. Sustainability 15(7): 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075990
Souza J (2018) El proceso de artificialización de la naturaleza y el desarrollo de la agroecología en la Argentina. Revista Cultura Económica 36(96): 43-76.
Steinhäuser C (2020) Mountain farmers’ intangible values foster agroecological landscapes: case studies from Sierra Santa Victoria in northwest Argentina and the Ladin Dolomites, northern Italy. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 44(3): 352-377. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2019.1624285
Tifni EA (2023) ¿Qué piensan quienes producen? Representaciones en torno a la relación sociedad-naturaleza de familias productoras del sur santafesino. Historia Regional 36(48): 1-16.
Vieira MI, Cardoso IM and Otsuki K (2016) “I made a pact with God, with nature, and with myself”: exploring deep agroecology. Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems 40(2): 116-131. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683565.2015.1115798
Wezel A and Soldat V (2009) A quantitative and qualitative historical analysis of the scientific discipline of agroecology. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability 7(1): 3-18. https://doi.org/10.3763/ijas.2009.0400
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How to Cite
“Knowledge on agroecology disseminated by the FAO: Assessment from a human-nature relationship perspective” (2025) The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food, 31(1), pp. 15–52. doi:10.48416/ijsaf.v31i1.636.