Corporate Strategies in the Global Era: The Case of Mega-hog Farms in the Texas Panhandle Region
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Published
Jan 15, 2021
Alessandro Bonanno
Douglas H. Constance
Abstract
Employing the case of the expansion of mega-hog operations in Texas Panhandle region, this paper illustrates relevant strategies that agro-food transnational corporations (TNCs) employ to maximize capital accumulation and address locally-based resistance. Salient literature on socioeconomic trends in the global era underscores that through hyper-mobility and by pitting localities against each other, TNCs take advantage of communities’ desires to attract external investments to stimulate local growth. This literature also points out that the growth of TNCs creates limits for the maintenance of democracy. The events of the case indicate that agro-food TNCs moved to the Texas Panhandle region to capitalize on favorable socio-political conditions. However, anti-corporate local resistance developed on the grounds that newly created mega-hog operations contaminated the environment and exacerbated social problems in the area. TNCs responded by adopting postures which transcended hyper-mobility strategies and involved actions at the legitimative, political and economic levels. At the legitimative level, TNCs presented an image which stressed conformity to existing environmental regulations, narrowed the definition of environmentally sound agricultural activities and delegitimized opposition. At the political level, TNCs were able to control local environmental agencies and depoliticize environment evaluation procedures. Economically, growth, the creation of new jobs, but also large monetary donations to communities, were all employed to solicit acceptance of corporate postures. The paper concludes with some brief reflections on the impact that the development of TNCs has on democracy.
How to Cite
Bonanno , A. and H. Constance, D. . (2021) “Corporate Strategies in the Global Era: The Case of Mega-hog Farms in the Texas Panhandle Region ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 9, pp. 5–28. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v9i.341.
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References
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Constance, Douglas H. and William H. Heffernan. 1991. “The Global Poultry Agro-Food Complex.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 1:126–142.
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Karmatz, Laura, Aisha Labi and Joan Levinstein. 1998. “States at War.” Time Magazine 152(19):40–54.
Kilman, Scott 1994. “Power Pork: Corporations Begin to Turn Hog Business into an Assembly Line.” The Wall Street Journal March 28:A1,A5.
Kindleberger, Charles P. 1986. “International Public Goods without International Government.” American Economic Review 76(1):1–13.
Koc, Mustafa. 1994. “Globalization as a Discourse.” Pp. 265–280 in From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, edited by Alessandro Bonanno, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia and Enzo Mingione. Lawrence: University of Press of Kansas.
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Lash, Scott and John Urry. 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
Ledbetter, Kay. 1997a. “Proposed Farm Would House 400,000 Hogs.” Amarillo Globe News, December 11:4a.
___ 1997b. “Swine Operation Could Give Town Feedmill, School.” Amarillo Globe News, December 11:1a, 4a.
___ 1997c. “Hog Operations Permits Increase throughout the Area.” Amarillo Globe News, December 11:3d.
___ 1997d. “Ruling Upsets Feed Operators.” The Wall Street Journal, November 29. At on February 9, 1998.
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Llambí, Luis. 1993. “The Global Agro-Food Restructuring: The Role of Transnational Corporations and Nation-States.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 3:19–39.
Marx, Karl. 1977. Capital. New York: Vintage Books.
Mason, Michael and Nigel Morter. 1998. “Trade Unions as Environmental Actors: the UK Transport and General Workers’ Union.” Capitalism, Nature and Socialism 9(2):3–34.
McMichael, Philip. 1996. “Globalization: Myths and Realities.” Rural Sociology 61:25–55.
McMichael, Philip and David Myhre. 1991. “Global Regulation vs. the Nation-state: Agro-Food Systems and the New Politics of Capital.” Capital & Class 43(2):83–106.
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Thu, Kendall, ed. 1996. Understanding the Impacts of Large-Scale Swine Production. Ames: Iowa State University.
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VallInc. 2000. “Group Vall Companys.” At on June 6, 2000.
Vallema, Sietze. 1999. “Agribusiness Control in Philippine Contract Farming: From Formality to Intervention.” International Journal of Agriculture and Food 8:95–110.
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wiggershaus, Rolf. 1994. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Wright Analysis. 2000. “Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.” At on June 6, 2000.
Associated Press (AP). 1997. “Needed Grade School May Ride Piggyback on Town’s Deal with Hog Giant.” The Dallas Morning News, December 15:24a.
Barlett, Donald L. and James B. Steele. 1998. “Corporate Welfare.” Time Magazine 152 (19):36–39.
Barta, Patrick. 1998. “Critics Say New Rules on Feedlots Are No Improvement Over Old.” The Wall Street Journal, September 2:T4.
Block, Fred. 1977. “The Ruling Class Does not Rule.” Socialist Revolution 7(3):6–28.
Bluestone, Barry and Bennett Harrison.1986. “The Great American Job Machine: The Proliferation of Low Wage Employment in the U.S. Economy.” Study prepared for the Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, December.
Bonanno, Alessandro. 1998. “Liberal Democracy in the Global Era: Implications for the Agro-Food Sector.” Agriculture and Human Values 15(4):223–242.
Bonanno, Alessandro and Douglas Constance. 1996. Caught in the Net: The Global Tuna Industry, Environmentalism & the State. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Brown, Laurie Ezzell. 1998. “House Environmental Committee tours CAFOS in Ochiltree County.” The Canadian Record, April 23:8–9.
Busch, Lawrence. 1998. “Beyond Politics: Rethinking the Future of Democracy.” Presidential Address, Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society. Portland, Oregon. August 5–9.
Busch, Lawrence, William B. Lacy, Jeffrey Burkhardt and Laura Lacy. 1991. Plants, Power, and Profit. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Carnoy, Martin, Manuel Castells, Stephen S. Cohen and Fernando Henrique Cardoso. 1993. The New Global Economy in the Information Age. University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press.
Constance, Douglas H. and Alessandro Bonanno. 1999. “CAFO Controversy in the Texas Panhandle Region: The Environmental Crisis of Hog Production.” Culture and Agriculture 12(1):35–49.
Constance, Douglas H. and William H. Heffernan. 1991. “The Global Poultry Agro-Food Complex.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 1:126–142.
ContiGroup. 2000. “Welcome to ContiGroup Companies.” At
Constance, Douglas H., Anna M. Kleiner, and J. Sanford Rikoon. 1997. “De-Regulation and Re-Regulation: State Responses to the Industrialization of the Pork Industry in Missouri.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of the Rural Sociological Society. Toronto, Ontario, Canada. August 9–13.
Cox, Kevin R., ed.. 1997. Spaces of Globalization. New York: The Guilford Press.
Danley, John R. 1994. The Role of Modern Corporations in a Free Society. Notre Dame, Indiana: University of Notre Dame Press.
DeLind, Laura. 1995. “The State, Hog Hotels, and the ‘Right to Farm’: A Curious Relationship.” Agriculture and Human Values 12(3):34–44.
Dicken, Peter. 1998. Global Shift. New York: The Guilford Press.
Domhoff, William G. 1979. The Powers That Be. New York: Vintage Books.
Durkheim, Emile.1984. The Division of Labor in Society. New York: The Free Press.
Giardina, Denise and Eric Bates. 1991. “Fowling the Nest.” Southern Exposure 19(1) 8–12.
Gouveia, Lourdes. 1994. “Global Strategies and Local Linkages: the Case of the U.S. Meatpacking Industry.” Pp. 125–148 in From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, edited by Alessandro Bonanno, Lawrence Busch, William
Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia and Enzo Mingione. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Fink, Deborah. 1998. Cutting into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Rural Change in the Rural Midwest. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
Friedland, William H. 1994. “The New Globalization: The Case of Fresh Produce.” Pp. 210–231 in From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, edited by Alessandro Bonanno, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia and Enzo Mingione. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
___ 1991. “The Transnationalization of Agricultural Production: Palimpsest of the Transnational State.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 1:48–58.
Friedland, William H. and Monica Bendini. 1998. “Albert Fisher: Shifting Corporate Strategies.” Paper presented at the 14th World Congress of Sociology. Montreal, Canada. July 26–August 1.
Friedman, Milton. 1982. Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Harvey, David. 1990. The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Hart, John Fraser and Chris Mayda. 1998. “The Industrialization of Livestock Production in the United States.” Southeastern Geographer 38(1):58–78.
Heffernan, William D. and Douglas H. Constance. 1994. “Transnational Corporations and the Global Food System.” Pp. 29–51 in From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, edited by Alessandro Bonanno, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia and Enzo Mingione. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Higgins, Lorie and Raymond A. Jussaume, Jr. 1998. “The Viability of Niche Marketing Within Global Commodity Chains: An Example for Beef.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 7:45–66.
Hoover’s Online. 2000. “Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.” At
Horkheimer, Max. 1972. Critical Theory: Selected Essays. New York: Continuum.
Houghton, Dean. 1998. “Pig ‘n Pork 2000.” Hogs Today 14(5):4. Insights. 1997. “Nippon Meat to Double U.S. Pork Imports.” Meat Industry Insights, November 26. At
Karmatz, Laura, Aisha Labi and Joan Levinstein. 1998. “States at War.” Time Magazine 152(19):40–54.
Kilman, Scott 1994. “Power Pork: Corporations Begin to Turn Hog Business into an Assembly Line.” The Wall Street Journal March 28:A1,A5.
Kindleberger, Charles P. 1986. “International Public Goods without International Government.” American Economic Review 76(1):1–13.
Koc, Mustafa. 1994. “Globalization as a Discourse.” Pp. 265–280 in From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food, edited by Alessandro Bonanno, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia and Enzo Mingione. Lawrence: University of Press of Kansas.
Ladd, Anthony and Bob Edwards. 1998. “Corporate Swine Production and Environmental Justice in North Carolina: An Emerging Issue in Grassroots Environmentalism.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Mid South Sociological Association. Lafayette, Louisiana. October 28–31.
Lash, Scott and John Urry. 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage.
Ledbetter, Kay. 1997a. “Proposed Farm Would House 400,000 Hogs.” Amarillo Globe News, December 11:4a.
___ 1997b. “Swine Operation Could Give Town Feedmill, School.” Amarillo Globe News, December 11:1a, 4a.
___ 1997c. “Hog Operations Permits Increase throughout the Area.” Amarillo Globe News, December 11:3d.
___ 1997d. “Ruling Upsets Feed Operators.” The Wall Street Journal, November 29. At
Lee, Steven H. 1998. “The Smell of Money: Battle Rages over Lucrative Farms, Residents Fed Up with Hogs Odor.” Dallas Morning News, March 3:1d, 14d.
Lipietz, Alain. 1992. Toward a New Economic Order: Postfordism, Ecology and Democracy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Llambí, Luis. 1993. “The Global Agro-Food Restructuring: The Role of Transnational Corporations and Nation-States.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 3:19–39.
Marx, Karl. 1977. Capital. New York: Vintage Books.
Mason, Michael and Nigel Morter. 1998. “Trade Unions as Environmental Actors: the UK Transport and General Workers’ Union.” Capitalism, Nature and Socialism 9(2):3–34.
McMichael, Philip. 1996. “Globalization: Myths and Realities.” Rural Sociology 61:25–55.
McMichael, Philip and David Myhre. 1991. “Global Regulation vs. the Nation-state: Agro-Food Systems and the New Politics of Capital.” Capital & Class 43(2):83–106.
Miliband, Ralph. 1969. The State in Capitalist Societies. London: Winfield and Nicholson.
Morris, Jim. 1997. “Pork Barrels and Politics: Residents not so Wild about Hog Operations.” Houston Chronicle, November 11:1a, 10a, 11a.
NCRCRD (North Central Regional Center for Rural Development). 1999. The Impact of Recruiting Vertically Integrated Hog Production in Agriculturally-Based Counties in Oklahoma. Report to the Kerr Center for Sustainable Agriculture.
O’Connor, James. 1998. Natural Causes: Essays in Ecological Marxism. New York: The Guilford Press.
O’Connor, Martin, ed. 1994. Is Capitalism Sustainable? Political Economy and the Politics of Ecology. New York: The Guilford Press.
Pitelis, Christos 1993. “Transnationals, International Organization and Deindustrialization.” Organization Studies 14(4):527–548.
Poulantzas, Nicos. 1978. State, Power, Socialism. London: New Left Books.
Raynolds, Laura. 1998. “Distancing Workers: The Rising Use of Labor Contractors by Transnational Agro-Food Corporations.” Paper presented at the 14th World Congress of Sociology. Montreal, Canada, July 26–August 1.
Raynolds, Laura Douglas Murray. 1998. “Yes, We Have no Bananas: Re-Regulating Global and Regional Trade.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 7:7-44.
RSS. 1998. “Empowering Communities: Revisiting Democracy and Globalization.” Brochure presenting the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Rural Sociological Society. Chicago, IL. August 4–8, 1999.
Rubner, Alex. 1990. The Might of the Multinationals: The Rise and Fall of the Corporate Legged. New York: Praeger.
Sandel, Michael J. 1996. Democracy’s Discontent. America in Search of a Public Philosophy. Cambridge, Massachusetts. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Sanderson, Steven. 1986. “The Emergence of the ‘World Steer’:Internationalization and Foreign Domination in Latin American Cattle Production.” Pp.123–148 in Food, the State and International Political Economy, edited by F.L. Tullis and W.L. Hollist. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Sassen, Saskia. 1996. Losing Control? Sovereignty in an Age of Globalization. New York: Columbia University Press.
Seaboard. 2000. “Seaboard Corporation.” At
Sklair, Leslie. 1998. “The Transitional Capitalist Class and Global Capitalism.” Political Power and Social Theory. 12:3–43.
___ 1993. Assembling for Development. London: Unwin Hyman.
Spybey, Toni. 1996. Globalization and World Society. Cambridge. Polity Press.
Storper, Michael. 1997. The Regional World. New York: The Guilford Press.
Strange, Susan. 1996. The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stull, Don, Micheal J. Broadway, and David Griffith, eds. 1995. Any Way You Cut It: Meat Processing and Small-Town America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Successful Farming. 1999. “Power Powerhouses 1999: 50 largest pork producers in the U.S.” At
Thu, Kendall, ed. 1996. Understanding the Impacts of Large-Scale Swine Production. Ames: Iowa State University.
Thu, Kendall and Paul Durrenberger, eds. 1998. Pigs, Profits, and Rural Communities. Albany: State University of New York Press.
VallInc. 2000. “Group Vall Companys.” At
Vallema, Sietze. 1999. “Agribusiness Control in Philippine Contract Farming: From Formality to Intervention.” International Journal of Agriculture and Food 8:95–110.
Weber, Max. 1978. Economy and Society. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wiggershaus, Rolf. 1994. The Frankfurt School: Its History, Theories, and Political Significance. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.
Wright Analysis. 2000. “Nippon Meat Packers, Inc.” At
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