Governing Global South–North Organic Food Exporting: Possibilities for Democratic Engagement and Impacts for Smallholder Farmers
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Published
Dec 4, 2013
Kristen Lyons
Abstract
Export of certified organic agricultural products is one of a number of market-based development strategies for improving the socio-economic and ecological realities of smallholders in the Global South. Yet the outcomes of participation in these export-led initiatives have been mixed. The extent to which organic export agriculture might deliver benefits to smallholders is, at least in part, related to the deliberative capacity of organic governance processes – on which participation in organic exporting relies. Deliberative capacity is taken to include broadly inclusive and authentic inclusion of smallholders, and other local actors, in organic governance processes. This article contributes to understandings of participation in organic governance and its outcomes by evaluating smallholder and other Southern actor engagement in three aspects of organic governance arrangements: organic standards, compliance and inspection requirements. The results presented here – drawing from fieldwork in Uganda and Ghana – demonstrate that, on the one hand, organic governance arrangements are characterized by limited democratic engagement and decision-making; standard-setting processes largely exclude smallholder and other Southern actor interests, as well as creating new forms of dependency between smallholders and export companies. However, and in other circumstances, the introduction of group certification and local inspection services has provided smallholders with bargaining power with export companies and northern buyers. These spaces point to possibilities for organic governance to improve the socio-economic and ecological realities of smallholders in the Global South.
How to Cite
Lyons, K. . (2013) “Governing Global South–North Organic Food Exporting: Possibilities for Democratic Engagement and Impacts for Smallholder Farmers ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 20(3), pp. 335–355. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v20i3.168.
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References
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Hatanaka, m. (2010) Certification, partnership, and morality in an organic shrimp network: rethinking transnational alternative agrifood networks, World Development, 38(5), pp. 706–716.
HoLt giménEz, E. and Shattuck, A. (2011) Food crisis, food regimes and food movements: rumblings of reform or tides of transformation?, Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(1), pp. 109–144.
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Jaffee, d. and HowArd, P. (2010) Corporate cooptation of organic and fair trade standards, Agriculture and Human Values, 27(4), pp. 387–399.
Konefal, J. and Hatanaka, m. (2011) Enacting third party certification: a case study of science and politics in organic shrimp certification, Journal of Rural Studies, 27(2), pp. 125–133.
Larner, w. and LE HEron, r. (2002) From economic globalisation to globalising economic processes: towards post-structural political economies, Geoforum, 33, pp. 415–419.
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A. muller (eds) Organic Agriculture for Sustainable Livelihoods. London: Earthscan.
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276–287.
Raynolds, L., Murray, d. and HELLEr, A. (2007) Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: a comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives, Agriculture and Human Values, 24, pp. 147–163.
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smitH, k. and Lyons, k. (2012) Negotiating organic, fair and ethical trade: lessons from smallholders in Uganda and Kenya, in: c. rosin, P. stock and H. Campbell (eds) Food Systems Failure: The Global Food Crisis and the Future of Agriculture. London: Earthscan.
ViA cAmPEsinA, roPPA (nEtwork of fArmErs’ And AgricuLturAL ProducErs’ orgAnisAtions of wEst AfricA), worLd mArcH of womEn, worLd forum of fisH HArVEstErs And fisH workErs, worLd forum of fisHEr PEoPLEs, intErnAtionAL PLAnning committEE on food soVErEignty, food soVErEignty nEt- work and friEnds of tHE EArtH (2007) Nyeleni 2007 Forum for Food Sovereignty. Published online, accessed 22 July 2011.
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wiEgrAtz, J. (2010) Fake capitalism? the dynamics of neoliberal moral restructuring and pseudo-development: the case of Uganda, Review of African Political Economy, 37(124), pp. 123–137.
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BAcon, c. (2008) Confronting the coffee crisis: can fair trade, organic and speciality coffees reduce the vulnerability of small-scale farmers in Northern Nicaragua?, in c. BAcon, V. Ernesto Mendez, s. gLiEss- mAn, d. goodmAn and J. cox (eds) Confronting the Coffee Crisis: Fair Trade, Sustainable Livelihoods and Ecosystems in Mexico and Central America. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 155–178.
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Borras, s., Edelman, m. and kAy, c. (2008) Transnational agrarian movements: origins and politics, campaigns and impacts, Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(2), pp. 169–204.
BouAgnimBEck, H. (2008) Organic farming in Africa, in H. Willer and m. yussefi (eds) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends. Bonn: International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements, pp. 90–102.
Buck, d., Getz, c. and Guthman, J. (1997) From farm to table: the organic vegetable commodity chain of Northern California, Sociologia Ruralis, 37(1), pp. 3–20.
Campbell, H. (2009) Breaking new ground in food regime theory: Corporate environmentalism, ecological feedbacks and the ‘food from somewhere’ regime?, Agriculture and Human Values, 26, pp. 309–319.
Campbell, H. and LE HEron, r. (2007) Supermarkets, producers and audit technologies: the constitutive micro-politics of food, legitimacy and governance, in d. Burch and g. Lawrence (eds) Supermarkets and Agri-Food Supply Chains. Transformations in the Production and Consumption of Foods. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, pp. 131–153.
Campbell, H., rosin, c., Norton, s., Carey, P., BEnyE, J. and Moller, H. (2010) Examining the mythologies of organics: moving beyond the organic/conventional binary?, in: g. Lawrence, k. Lyons and t. wAL-Lington (eds) Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainability. London: Earthscan, pp. 238–251.
Clayton, J. (2007) Organic farmers face ruin as rich nations agonise over food miles, The Times, published online
Cooke, B. and Kothari, u. (2001) Participation: The New Tyranny. London: Zed Books.
Cotula, L. (2012) The international political economy of the global land rush: a critical appraisal of trends, scale, geography and drivers, Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3–4), pp. 649–680.
Dolan, c. (2008) Arbitrating risk through moral values: the case of Kenyan fairtrade, Research in Economic Anthropology, 28, pp. 271–296.
Dolan, c. (2010) Virtual modalities: the mainstreaming of Fairtrade in Kenyan tea fields, Geoforum, 41(1), pp. 33–43.
Donati, k., cLEAry, s. and PikE, L. (2010) Bodies, bugs and dirt. sustainability re-imagined in community gardens, in: g. Lawrence, k. Lyons and t. Wallington (eds) Food Security, Nutrition and Sustainability. London: Earthscan, pp. 207–222.
DryzEk, J. (2009) Democratization as deliberative capacity building, Comparative Political Studies, 42(11), pp. 1379–1402.
Dupuis, m. and giLLon, s. (2009) Alternative modes of governance: organic as civic engagement, Agricul- ture and Human Values, 26, pp. 43–56.
fao (food And AgricuLturE orgAnizAtion) (1999) Organic Agriculture, COAG/99/9. Rome: FAO.
fao (food And AgricuLturE orgAnizAtion) (2010) Food Outlook: Global Market Analysis. Rome: FAO Trade and Market Division.
Freidberg, s. (2004) French Beans and Food Scares: Culture and Commerce in an Anxious Age. Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Friedberg, s. and Goldstein, L. (2010) Alternative food in the Global South: reflections on a direct marketing initiative in Kenya, Journal of Rural Studies, 30, pp. 1–11.
friedmann, H. and Mcnair, A. (2008) Whose rules rule? Contested projects to certify ‘local production for distant consumers, Journal of Agrarian Change, 8(2), pp. 408–434.
giBBon, P., BoLwig, s. and odEkE, m. (2007) Household Food Security Effects of Certified Organic Export Production in Tropical Africa: A Gendered Analysis. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies. Gibson-grAHAm, J.k. (2006) A Postcapitalist Politics.
Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. gómEz Tovar, L., Martin, L., AngEL gómEz Cruz, m. and mutErsBAugH, t. (2005) Certified organic agriculture in Mexico: market connections and certification practices in large and small producers, Journal of Rural Studies, 21, pp. 461–474.
Guthman, J. (2004) Agrarian Dreams? The Paradox of Organic Farming in California. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hatanaka, m. (2010) Certification, partnership, and morality in an organic shrimp network: rethinking transnational alternative agrifood networks, World Development, 38(5), pp. 706–716.
HoLt giménEz, E. and Shattuck, A. (2011) Food crisis, food regimes and food movements: rumblings of reform or tides of transformation?, Journal of Peasant Studies, 38(1), pp. 109–144.
HoLt giménEz, E., Patel, r. and Shattuck, A. (2009) Food Rebellions: Crisis and the Hunger for Justice. Oakland, CA: Food First Books, Fahumu Books and Grassroots International.
Jaffee, d. (2007) Brewing Justice: Fair Trade Coffee, Sustainability, and Survival. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Jaffee, d. and HowArd, P. (2010) Corporate cooptation of organic and fair trade standards, Agriculture and Human Values, 27(4), pp. 387–399.
Konefal, J. and Hatanaka, m. (2011) Enacting third party certification: a case study of science and politics in organic shrimp certification, Journal of Rural Studies, 27(2), pp. 125–133.
Larner, w. and LE HEron, r. (2002) From economic globalisation to globalising economic processes: towards post-structural political economies, Geoforum, 33, pp. 415–419.
Lawrence, g., Richards, c. and Lyons, k. (2013) Food security in Australia in an era of neoliberalism, productivism and climate change, Journal of Rural Studies, 29, pp. 30–39.
Lockie, s., Lyons, k., Lawrence, g. and Halpin, d. (2006) Going Organic. Mobilising Networks for Environmentally Responsible Production. Cambridge: CABI.
Lyon, s., BEzAury, J. and mutersbaugh, t. (2010) Gender equity in fairtrade-organic coffee producer organisations: cases from Mesoamerica, Geoforum, 41(1), pp. 93–103.
Lyons, k. and Burch, d. (2007) Socio-Economic Effects of Organic Agriculture in Africa. Bonn: International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.
Lyons, k., Palanippan, g. and Lockie, s. (2012) Organic agriculture and empowerment, human and social capital building, in: n. Halberg and
A. muller (eds) Organic Agriculture for Sustainable Livelihoods. London: Earthscan.
McMichael, P. (2005) Global development and the corporate food regime, in: f.H. Buttel and P. McMichael (eds) New Directions in the Sociology of Global Development. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, pp. 265–299.
McMichael, P. (ed.) (2010) Contesting Development: Critical Struggles for Social Change. New York: Rout-ledge.
McMichael, P. (2013) Land grabbing as security mercantilism in international relations, Globalizations, 10(1), pp. 47–64.
Moore, J. (2012) Cheap food and bad money. food, frontiers and financialization in the rise and demise of neoliberalism, Review, 33(2–3), pp. 225–261.
Mutersbaugh, t. (2002) The number is the beast. a political economy of organic-coffee certification and producer unionism, Environment and Planning A, 34(7), pp. 1165–1184.
Nelson, E., gómEz Tovar, L., scHwEntEsius Rindermann, r. and AngEL gómEz Cruz, m. (2010) Participatory organic certification in Mexico: an alternative approach to mainstreaming the integrity of the organic label, Agriculture and Human Values, 27, pp. 227–237.
Neilson, J. and PritcHArd, B. (2009) Value Chain Struggles Institutions and Governance in the Plantation Districts of South India. Chichester: Blackwell.
Oya, c. (2012) Contract farming in sub-Saharan Africa: a survey of approaches, debates and issues, Journal of Agrarian Change, 12(1), pp. 1–33.
Parrott, n. and Marsden, t. (2002) The Real Green Revolution: Organic and Agroecological Farming in the South. London: Greenpeace Environmental Trust.
Parrott, n., Olesen, J. and HogH-JEnsEn, H. (2006) Certified and non-certified organic farming in the developing world, in: n. Halberg, H. ALroE, m. Knudsen and E. kristensen (eds) Global Development of Organic Agriculture: Challenges and Prospects. Cambridge: CABI Publishing.
Patel, r. and McMichael, P. (2009) A political economy of the food riot, Review, 32, pp. 9–35.
Pretty, J. (2012) Agriculture and food systems: our current challenge, in: c. rosin, P. stock and H. Campbell (eds) Food Systems Failure: The Global Food Crisis and the Future of Agriculture. London: Earthscan. Raynolds, L. (2004) The globalisation of organic agro-food networks, World Development, 32(5), pp. 725–743.
Raynolds, L. (2012) Fair Trade: social regulation in global food markets, Journal of Rural Studies, 28(3), pp.
276–287.
Raynolds, L., Murray, d. and HELLEr, A. (2007) Regulating sustainability in the coffee sector: a comparative analysis of third-party environmental and social certification initiatives, Agriculture and Human Values, 24, pp. 147–163.
Sarkissian, w., Hofer, n., sHorE, y., Vajda, s. and Wilkinson, c. (2009) Kitchen Table Sustainability: Practical
Recipes for Community Engagement with Sustainability. London: Earthscan.
Schanbacher, w.d. (2010) The Politics of Food: The Global Conflict between Food Security and Food Sovereignty.
Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger Security International.
Schlosberg, d. and dryzEk, J. (2002) Political strategies of American environmentalism: inclusion and beyond, Society and Natural Resources, 15(9), pp. 787–804.
smitH, k. and Lyons, k. (2012) Negotiating organic, fair and ethical trade: lessons from smallholders in Uganda and Kenya, in: c. rosin, P. stock and H. Campbell (eds) Food Systems Failure: The Global Food Crisis and the Future of Agriculture. London: Earthscan.
ViA cAmPEsinA, roPPA (nEtwork of fArmErs’ And AgricuLturAL ProducErs’ orgAnisAtions of wEst AfricA), worLd mArcH of womEn, worLd forum of fisH HArVEstErs And fisH workErs, worLd forum of fisHEr PEoPLEs, intErnAtionAL PLAnning committEE on food soVErEignty, food soVErEignty nEt- work and friEnds of tHE EArtH (2007) Nyeleni 2007 Forum for Food Sovereignty. Published online
Whatmore, s., stAssArt, P. and rEnting, H. (2003) What’s alternative about alternative food networks?, Environment and Planning A, 35(3), pp. 389–391.
Whelan, J. and Lyons, k. (2005) Community engagement or community action: choosing not to play the game, Environmental Politics, 14(5), pp. 596–610.
Whittman, H., Desmararais, A. and Wiebe, n. (eds) (2010) Food Sovereignty: Reconnecting Food, Nature and Community. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing, Oakland, CA: Food First Books and Cape Town: Pamba- zuka Press.
wiEgrAtz, J. (2010) Fake capitalism? the dynamics of neoliberal moral restructuring and pseudo-development: the case of Uganda, Review of African Political Economy, 37(124), pp. 123–137.
Willer, H. and Kilcher, L. (eds) (2011) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2011. Bonn: IFOAM and Frick: FiBL.
Yiller, H., Yussefi Menzler, m. and Sorensen, n. (2008) The World of Organic Agriculture: Statistics and Emerging Trends 2008. Bonn: International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements.
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