Meanings of Local Food in Danish Print Media: From Marginal to Mainstream
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Published
Jun 4, 2014
Safania Normann Eriksen
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to find empirical evidence that can verify the seemingly new and growing interest in local food in Denmark, and shed light on what meanings the concept of local food holds in Danish print media. A content analysis of Danish print media is undertaken of articles reporting on local food over a 10-year period. A total of 993 articles are collected from national, regional and local newspapers as well as trade journals and magazines. Incorporating print media as agents in the construction of meanings of local food is a relatively understudied field of research. The article finds six major themes, which are central to the understanding of local food in Danish print media, namely ‘local food networks’, ‘food values’, ‘food system’, ‘food tourism’, ‘food events’ and ‘local food in supermarkets’. It concludes that there are important differences between print media sources; nationwide dailies portray national imaginaries, apart from local imaginaries portrayed in regional dailies and local weeklies. This said, local food cannot be understood without reference to the local scale. However, at the same time, both culinary globalization and culinary nationalism have resulted in the strong push for local food. Keeping with this, it is argued that the increasing interest in local food by mainstream supermarkets blurs the lines between the marginal and mainstream. Thus, local food can be understood both as flow and friction between dualisms of local–global and marginal–mainstream.
How to Cite
Eriksen, S. N. (2014) “Meanings of Local Food in Danish Print Media: From Marginal to Mainstream”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 21(2), pp. 209–226. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v21i2.149.
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References
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Beaver, A. (2012) A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Belasco, W.J. (2002) Food matters: perspectives on an emerging field, in: W.J. Belasco and P. Scranton (eds) Food Nations. New York: Routledge, pp. 2–23.
Bentley, A. (2004) From culinary other to mainstream American: meanings and uses of Southwestern cuisine, in: L.M. Long (ed.) Culinary Tourism: Explorations in Eating and Otherness. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, pp. 209–225.
Blake, M.K., Mellor, J. and Crane, L. (2010) Buying local food: shopping practices, place, and consumption networks in defining food as ‘local’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100, pp. 409–426.
Blichfeldt, B.S. and Halkier, H. (2013) Mussels, tourism and community development: a case study of place branding through food festivals in rural North Jutland, Denmark, European Planning Studies, doi: 10.1080/09654313.2013.784594.
Born, B. and Purcell, M. (2006) Avoiding the local trap: scale and food systems in planning research, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26, pp. 195–207.
Bosona, T.G. and Gebresenbet, G. (2011) Cluster building and logistics network integration of local food supply chain, Biosystems Engineering, 108(4), pp. 293–302.
Bowen, S. and Mutersba ugh, T. (2013) Local or localized? Exploring the contributions of Franco-Mediterranean agrifood theory to alternative food research, Agriculture and Human Values, 32(2), pp. 201–213.
Bowker, G.C. and StaTAr, S.L. (1999) Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buchanan, I. (2010) A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Byrkjeflot, H., Pedersen, J.S. and Svejenova, S. (2013) From label to practice: the process of creating new Nordic cuisine, Journal of Culinary Science and Technology, 11(1), pp. 36–55.
Chloupkova, J., Svendsen, G.L.H. and Svendsen, G.T. (2003) Building and destroying social capital: the case of cooperative movements in Denmark and Poland, Agriculture and Human Values, 20, pp. 241–252.
Christensen, K., Herskind, A.M. and Vaupel, J.W. (2006) Why Danes are smug: comparative study of life satisfaction in the European Union, British Medical Journal, 333(7582), pp. 1289–1291.
Dagevos, H. and Ophem, J. van (2013) Food consumption value: developing a consumer-centred concept of value in the field of food, British Food Journal, 115(10), pp. 1473–1486.
Delind, L.B. (2006) Of bodies, place, and culture: re-situating local food, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), pp. 121–146.
Denver, S., Christensen, T., Jensen, J.D. and Jensen, K.O. (2012) The stability and instability of organic expenditures in Denmark, Great Britain, and Italy, Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 24(1), pp. 47–65.
DeSoucey, M. (2010) Gastronationalism food traditions and authenticity politics in the European Union, American Sociological Review, 75(3), pp. 432–455.
Dunne, J.B., Chamb ers, K.J., Giomb olini, K.J. and Schlegel, S.A. (2011) What does ‘local’ mean in the grocery store? Multiplicity in food retailers’ perspectives on sourcing and marketing local foods, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 26(1), pp. 46–59.
DuPuis, E.M. and Goodma n, D. (2005) Should we go ‘home’ to eat? Toward a reflexive politics of localism, Journal of Rural Studies, 21(3), pp. 359–371.
Du Rand, G.E. and HeatATh, E. (2006) Towards a framework for food tourism as an element of destination marketing, Current Issues in Tourism, 9(3), pp. 206–234.
EdwaWArds-Jones, G. (2010) Does eating local food reduce the environmental impact of food production and enhance consumer health?, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(4), pp. 582–591.
Eriksen, S.N. (2013) Defining local food: constructing a new taxonomy: three domains of proximity, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B: Soil and Plant Science, 63(1), pp. 47–55.
Feagan, R. (2007) The place of food: mapping out the ‘local’ in local food systems, Progress in Human Geography, 31(1), pp. 23–42.
Fischler, C. (1988) Food, self and identity, Social Science Information, 27, pp. 275–293.
Fonte, M. (2008) Knowledge, food and place: a way of producing, a way of knowing, Sociologia Ruralis, 48(3), pp. 200–222.
Fonte, M. and PapaAPAdopoulos, A.G. (eds) (2010) Naming Food after Places: Food Relocalisation and Knowledge Dynamics in Rural Development. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
FutamTAMura, T. (2007) Made in Kentucky: the meaning of ‘local’ food products in Kentucky’s farmers’ markets, Japanese Journal of American Studies, 18, pp. 209–228.
Germov, J., William s, L. and Freij, M. (2011) Portrayal of the Slow Food movement in the Australian print media: conviviality, localism and romanticism, Journal of Sociology, 47(1), pp. 89–106.
Goodma n, D. and Goodma n, M. (2009) Alternative food networks, in: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Oxford: Elsevier Science and Technology.
Gracia, A., De Magistris, T. and Nayga, R.M. (2012) Importance of social influence in consumers’ willingness to pay for local food: are there gender differences?, Agribusiness, 28(3), pp. 361–371.
Hinrichs, C. (2003) The practice and politics of food system localization, Journal of Rural Studies, 19, pp. 33–45.
Hinrichs, C.C. and Charles, L. (2012) Local food systems and networks in the US and the UK: community development considerations for rural areas, in: M. Shucksmith, D. Brown, S. ShortaTAll, M. Warner and J. Vergunst (eds) Rural Transformations and Rural Policies in the UK and US. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 156–176.
Hsieh, H.F. and Shannon, S.E. (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis, Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), pp. 1277–1288.
Ilbery, B. and Maye, D. (2005) Food supply chains and sustainability: evidence from specialist food producers in the Scottish/English borders, Land Use Policy, 22(4), pp. 331–344.
Infomedia (2014) Medieliste: digital dækning. Published online, accessed 2 June 2014.
Jam es, A. (1997) How British is British food?, in: P. Cap lan (ed.) Food, Health and Identity. London: Routledge, pp. 71–86.
Johnston, J., Biro, A. and MacKendrick, N. (2009) Lost in the supermarket: the corporate-organic foodscape and the struggle for food democracy, Antipode, 41(3), pp. 509–532.
Jones, P., Comfort, D. and Hillier, D. (2004) A case study of local food and its routes to market in the UK, British Food Journal, 106(4), pp. 328–335.
Kjeldsen, C. (2005) Modernitet, tid, rum og økologiske fødevarenetværk [Modernity, Time, Space and Organic Food Networks]. Ph.D. dissertation, Aalborg University.
Kjeldsen, C. and Ingema nn, J.H. (2009) From the social to the economic and beyond? A relational approach to the historical development of Danish organic food networks, Sociologia Ruralis, 49(2), pp. 151–171.
Kjeldsen, C., Deleuran, L.C. and Noe, E. (2013) The quality turn in the Danish food scape: new food chains emerging – new territorial impacts?, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B: Soil and Plant Science, 63(1), pp. 19–28.
Kneafsey, M. (2010) The region in food: important or irrelevant?, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, pp. 177–190.
Kneafsey, M., Venn, L., Schmutz, U., Balázs, B., Trenchard, L., Eyden-Wood, T. and Blackett , M. (2013) Short Food Supply Chains and Local Food Systems in the EU. A State of Play of their Socio-Economic Characteristics, Report EUR 25911 Joint Research Centre. Luxembourg: Publications office of the European Union.
Kripp endorff, K. (2012) Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kurtz, H., Trauger, A. and Passidomo, C. (2013) The contested terrain of biological citizenship in the seizure of raw milk in Athens, Georgia, Geoforum, 48, pp. 136–144.
Law, J. (ed.) (2009) A Dictionary of Business and Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Manniche, J. and Larsen, K.T. (2013) Experience staging and symbolic knowledge: the case of Bornholm culinary products, European Urban and Regional Studies, 20(4), pp. 401–416.
Marsden, T., Banks, J. and Bristow, G. (2000) Food supply chain approach: exploring their role in rural development, Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), pp. 424–438.
Martinez, S., Hand, M., Da Pra, M., Pollack, S., Ralston, K., Smith, T., Vogel, S., Clark, S., Lohr, L., Low, S. and Newma n, C. (2010) Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues, Economic Research Report 97. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Mason, M.C. and Paggiaro, A. (2009) Celebrating local products: the role of food events, Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 12(4), pp. 364–383.
Mennell, S. (2005) Of gastronomes and guides, in: C. Korsmeyer (ed.) The Taste Culture Reader: Experiencing Food and Drink. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
Metzgar, E.T., Kurpius, D.D. and Rowley, K.M. (2011) Defining hyperlocal media: proposing a framework for discussion, New Media Society, 13(5), pp. 772–787.
Micheelsen, A., Holm, L. and Jensen, K.O.D. (2013) Consumer acceptance of the New Nordic Diet: an exploratory study, Appetite, 70, pp. 14–21.
Minke, K. (2009) Danske medier. Published online, accessed 2 June 2014.
MontaTAnari, M. (2006) Food Is Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
Morris, C. and Buller, H. (2003) The local food sector: a preliminary assessment of its form and impact in Gloucestershire, British Food Journal, 105(8), pp. 559–566.
North, P. (2010) Eco-localisation as a progressive response to peak oil and climate change: a sympathetic critique, Geoforum, 41(4), pp. 585–594.
O’Connor, D., Renting, H., Gorma n, M. and Kinsella, J. (eds) (2006) Driving Rural Development: Policy and Practice in Seven EU Countries. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum.
Ohnuki-Tiemey, E. (1999) We eat each other’s food to nourish our body: the global and the local as mutually constituent forces, in: R. Grew (ed.) Food in Global History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 240-272.
Ostrom, M. (2006) Everyday meanings of ‘local food’: views from home and field, Community Development, 37(1), pp. 65–78.
Pearson, D., Henryks, J., Trott , A., Jones, P., Parker, G., Duma resq, D. and Dyba ll, R. (2011) Local food: understanding consumer motivations in innovative retail formats, British Food Journal, 113(7), pp. 886–899.
Reisch, L., Eberle, U. and Lorek, S. (2013) Sustainable food consumption: an overview of contemporary issues and policies, Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), pp. 7–25.
Renting, H., Marsden, T. and Banks, J. (2003) Understanding alternative food networks: exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development, Environment and Planning A, 35(3), pp. 393–411.
Risvik, E., Meyer, C., Hålien, E. and Edma n, P. (2008) New Nordic Cuisine. Published online, accessed 2 June 2014.
Rose, N., Serrano, E., Hosig, K., Haa s, C., Reaves, D. and Nickols-Richardson, S.M. (2008) The 100-mile diet: a community approach to promote sustainable food systems impacts dietary quality, Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition, 3(2–3), pp. 270–285.
Schönhart, M., Penker, M. and Schmid, E. (2009) Sustainable local food production and consumption: challenges for implementation and research, Outlook on Agriculture, 38(2), pp. 175–182.
Seyfang, G. (2006) Ecological citizenship and sustainable consumption: examining local organic food networks, Journal of Rural Studies, 22(4), pp. 383–395.
Sims, R. (2009) Food, place and authenticity: local food and the sustainable tourism experience, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), pp. 321–336.
Statistics Denma rk (2013) Accounts Statistics for Agriculture 2012. Published online, accessed 2 June 2014.
Svendsen, G.L. and Svendsen, G.T. (2000) Measuring social capital: the Danish Co-operative Dairy Movement, Sociologia Ruralis, 40, pp. 72–86.
Tonkiss, F. (1998) Analysing discourse, in: C. Seale (ed.) Researching Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications, pp. 245–60.
Tonkiss, F. (2004) Analysing text and speech: content and discourse analysis, in: C. Searle (ed.) Researching Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications.
Tregear, A. (2011) Progressing knowledge in alternative and local food networks: critical reflections and a research agenda, Journal of Rural Studies, 27(4), pp. 419-430.
Weber, R.P. (ed.) (1990) Basic Content Analysis. London: Sage Publications.
Wilk, R.R. (1999) Real Belizean food: building local identity in the transnational Caribbean, American Anthropologist, 101(2), pp. 244–255.
Wilk, R. (ed.) (2006) Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
Bailey, K.D. (ed.) (1994) Typologies and Taxonomies: An Introduction to Classification Techniques. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Beaver, A. (2012) A Dictionary of Travel and Tourism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Belasco, W.J. (2002) Food matters: perspectives on an emerging field, in: W.J. Belasco and P. Scranton (eds) Food Nations. New York: Routledge, pp. 2–23.
Bentley, A. (2004) From culinary other to mainstream American: meanings and uses of Southwestern cuisine, in: L.M. Long (ed.) Culinary Tourism: Explorations in Eating and Otherness. Lexington, KY: University of Kentucky Press, pp. 209–225.
Blake, M.K., Mellor, J. and Crane, L. (2010) Buying local food: shopping practices, place, and consumption networks in defining food as ‘local’, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 100, pp. 409–426.
Blichfeldt, B.S. and Halkier, H. (2013) Mussels, tourism and community development: a case study of place branding through food festivals in rural North Jutland, Denmark, European Planning Studies, doi: 10.1080/09654313.2013.784594.
Born, B. and Purcell, M. (2006) Avoiding the local trap: scale and food systems in planning research, Journal of Planning Education and Research, 26, pp. 195–207.
Bosona, T.G. and Gebresenbet, G. (2011) Cluster building and logistics network integration of local food supply chain, Biosystems Engineering, 108(4), pp. 293–302.
Bowen, S. and Mutersba ugh, T. (2013) Local or localized? Exploring the contributions of Franco-Mediterranean agrifood theory to alternative food research, Agriculture and Human Values, 32(2), pp. 201–213.
Bowker, G.C. and StaTAr, S.L. (1999) Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Buchanan, I. (2010) A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Byrkjeflot, H., Pedersen, J.S. and Svejenova, S. (2013) From label to practice: the process of creating new Nordic cuisine, Journal of Culinary Science and Technology, 11(1), pp. 36–55.
Chloupkova, J., Svendsen, G.L.H. and Svendsen, G.T. (2003) Building and destroying social capital: the case of cooperative movements in Denmark and Poland, Agriculture and Human Values, 20, pp. 241–252.
Christensen, K., Herskind, A.M. and Vaupel, J.W. (2006) Why Danes are smug: comparative study of life satisfaction in the European Union, British Medical Journal, 333(7582), pp. 1289–1291.
Dagevos, H. and Ophem, J. van (2013) Food consumption value: developing a consumer-centred concept of value in the field of food, British Food Journal, 115(10), pp. 1473–1486.
Delind, L.B. (2006) Of bodies, place, and culture: re-situating local food, Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 19(2), pp. 121–146.
Denver, S., Christensen, T., Jensen, J.D. and Jensen, K.O. (2012) The stability and instability of organic expenditures in Denmark, Great Britain, and Italy, Journal of International Food and Agribusiness Marketing, 24(1), pp. 47–65.
DeSoucey, M. (2010) Gastronationalism food traditions and authenticity politics in the European Union, American Sociological Review, 75(3), pp. 432–455.
Dunne, J.B., Chamb ers, K.J., Giomb olini, K.J. and Schlegel, S.A. (2011) What does ‘local’ mean in the grocery store? Multiplicity in food retailers’ perspectives on sourcing and marketing local foods, Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 26(1), pp. 46–59.
DuPuis, E.M. and Goodma n, D. (2005) Should we go ‘home’ to eat? Toward a reflexive politics of localism, Journal of Rural Studies, 21(3), pp. 359–371.
Du Rand, G.E. and HeatATh, E. (2006) Towards a framework for food tourism as an element of destination marketing, Current Issues in Tourism, 9(3), pp. 206–234.
EdwaWArds-Jones, G. (2010) Does eating local food reduce the environmental impact of food production and enhance consumer health?, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 69(4), pp. 582–591.
Eriksen, S.N. (2013) Defining local food: constructing a new taxonomy: three domains of proximity, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B: Soil and Plant Science, 63(1), pp. 47–55.
Feagan, R. (2007) The place of food: mapping out the ‘local’ in local food systems, Progress in Human Geography, 31(1), pp. 23–42.
Fischler, C. (1988) Food, self and identity, Social Science Information, 27, pp. 275–293.
Fonte, M. (2008) Knowledge, food and place: a way of producing, a way of knowing, Sociologia Ruralis, 48(3), pp. 200–222.
Fonte, M. and PapaAPAdopoulos, A.G. (eds) (2010) Naming Food after Places: Food Relocalisation and Knowledge Dynamics in Rural Development. Farnham: Ashgate Publishing.
FutamTAMura, T. (2007) Made in Kentucky: the meaning of ‘local’ food products in Kentucky’s farmers’ markets, Japanese Journal of American Studies, 18, pp. 209–228.
Germov, J., William s, L. and Freij, M. (2011) Portrayal of the Slow Food movement in the Australian print media: conviviality, localism and romanticism, Journal of Sociology, 47(1), pp. 89–106.
Goodma n, D. and Goodma n, M. (2009) Alternative food networks, in: R. Kitchin and N. Thrift (eds) International Encyclopedia of Human Geography. Oxford: Elsevier Science and Technology.
Gracia, A., De Magistris, T. and Nayga, R.M. (2012) Importance of social influence in consumers’ willingness to pay for local food: are there gender differences?, Agribusiness, 28(3), pp. 361–371.
Hinrichs, C. (2003) The practice and politics of food system localization, Journal of Rural Studies, 19, pp. 33–45.
Hinrichs, C.C. and Charles, L. (2012) Local food systems and networks in the US and the UK: community development considerations for rural areas, in: M. Shucksmith, D. Brown, S. ShortaTAll, M. Warner and J. Vergunst (eds) Rural Transformations and Rural Policies in the UK and US. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 156–176.
Hsieh, H.F. and Shannon, S.E. (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis, Qualitative Health Research, 15(9), pp. 1277–1288.
Ilbery, B. and Maye, D. (2005) Food supply chains and sustainability: evidence from specialist food producers in the Scottish/English borders, Land Use Policy, 22(4), pp. 331–344.
Infomedia (2014) Medieliste: digital dækning. Published online
Jam es, A. (1997) How British is British food?, in: P. Cap lan (ed.) Food, Health and Identity. London: Routledge, pp. 71–86.
Johnston, J., Biro, A. and MacKendrick, N. (2009) Lost in the supermarket: the corporate-organic foodscape and the struggle for food democracy, Antipode, 41(3), pp. 509–532.
Jones, P., Comfort, D. and Hillier, D. (2004) A case study of local food and its routes to market in the UK, British Food Journal, 106(4), pp. 328–335.
Kjeldsen, C. (2005) Modernitet, tid, rum og økologiske fødevarenetværk [Modernity, Time, Space and Organic Food Networks]. Ph.D. dissertation, Aalborg University.
Kjeldsen, C. and Ingema nn, J.H. (2009) From the social to the economic and beyond? A relational approach to the historical development of Danish organic food networks, Sociologia Ruralis, 49(2), pp. 151–171.
Kjeldsen, C., Deleuran, L.C. and Noe, E. (2013) The quality turn in the Danish food scape: new food chains emerging – new territorial impacts?, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B: Soil and Plant Science, 63(1), pp. 19–28.
Kneafsey, M. (2010) The region in food: important or irrelevant?, Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society, 3, pp. 177–190.
Kneafsey, M., Venn, L., Schmutz, U., Balázs, B., Trenchard, L., Eyden-Wood, T. and Blackett , M. (2013) Short Food Supply Chains and Local Food Systems in the EU. A State of Play of their Socio-Economic Characteristics, Report EUR 25911 Joint Research Centre. Luxembourg: Publications office of the European Union.
Kripp endorff, K. (2012) Content Analysis: An Introduction to Its Methodology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Kurtz, H., Trauger, A. and Passidomo, C. (2013) The contested terrain of biological citizenship in the seizure of raw milk in Athens, Georgia, Geoforum, 48, pp. 136–144.
Law, J. (ed.) (2009) A Dictionary of Business and Management. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Manniche, J. and Larsen, K.T. (2013) Experience staging and symbolic knowledge: the case of Bornholm culinary products, European Urban and Regional Studies, 20(4), pp. 401–416.
Marsden, T., Banks, J. and Bristow, G. (2000) Food supply chain approach: exploring their role in rural development, Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), pp. 424–438.
Martinez, S., Hand, M., Da Pra, M., Pollack, S., Ralston, K., Smith, T., Vogel, S., Clark, S., Lohr, L., Low, S. and Newma n, C. (2010) Local Food Systems: Concepts, Impacts, and Issues, Economic Research Report 97. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
Mason, M.C. and Paggiaro, A. (2009) Celebrating local products: the role of food events, Journal of Foodservice Business Research, 12(4), pp. 364–383.
Mennell, S. (2005) Of gastronomes and guides, in: C. Korsmeyer (ed.) The Taste Culture Reader: Experiencing Food and Drink. Oxford: Berg Publishers.
Metzgar, E.T., Kurpius, D.D. and Rowley, K.M. (2011) Defining hyperlocal media: proposing a framework for discussion, New Media Society, 13(5), pp. 772–787.
Micheelsen, A., Holm, L. and Jensen, K.O.D. (2013) Consumer acceptance of the New Nordic Diet: an exploratory study, Appetite, 70, pp. 14–21.
Minke, K. (2009) Danske medier. Published online
MontaTAnari, M. (2006) Food Is Culture. New York: Columbia University Press.
Morris, C. and Buller, H. (2003) The local food sector: a preliminary assessment of its form and impact in Gloucestershire, British Food Journal, 105(8), pp. 559–566.
North, P. (2010) Eco-localisation as a progressive response to peak oil and climate change: a sympathetic critique, Geoforum, 41(4), pp. 585–594.
O’Connor, D., Renting, H., Gorma n, M. and Kinsella, J. (eds) (2006) Driving Rural Development: Policy and Practice in Seven EU Countries. Assen: Uitgeverij Van Gorcum.
Ohnuki-Tiemey, E. (1999) We eat each other’s food to nourish our body: the global and the local as mutually constituent forces, in: R. Grew (ed.) Food in Global History. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, pp. 240-272.
Ostrom, M. (2006) Everyday meanings of ‘local food’: views from home and field, Community Development, 37(1), pp. 65–78.
Pearson, D., Henryks, J., Trott , A., Jones, P., Parker, G., Duma resq, D. and Dyba ll, R. (2011) Local food: understanding consumer motivations in innovative retail formats, British Food Journal, 113(7), pp. 886–899.
Reisch, L., Eberle, U. and Lorek, S. (2013) Sustainable food consumption: an overview of contemporary issues and policies, Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy, 9(2), pp. 7–25.
Renting, H., Marsden, T. and Banks, J. (2003) Understanding alternative food networks: exploring the role of short food supply chains in rural development, Environment and Planning A, 35(3), pp. 393–411.
Risvik, E., Meyer, C., Hålien, E. and Edma n, P. (2008) New Nordic Cuisine. Published online
Rose, N., Serrano, E., Hosig, K., Haa s, C., Reaves, D. and Nickols-Richardson, S.M. (2008) The 100-mile diet: a community approach to promote sustainable food systems impacts dietary quality, Journal of Hunger and Environmental Nutrition, 3(2–3), pp. 270–285.
Schönhart, M., Penker, M. and Schmid, E. (2009) Sustainable local food production and consumption: challenges for implementation and research, Outlook on Agriculture, 38(2), pp. 175–182.
Seyfang, G. (2006) Ecological citizenship and sustainable consumption: examining local organic food networks, Journal of Rural Studies, 22(4), pp. 383–395.
Sims, R. (2009) Food, place and authenticity: local food and the sustainable tourism experience, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 17(3), pp. 321–336.
Statistics Denma rk (2013) Accounts Statistics for Agriculture 2012. Published online
Svendsen, G.L. and Svendsen, G.T. (2000) Measuring social capital: the Danish Co-operative Dairy Movement, Sociologia Ruralis, 40, pp. 72–86.
Tonkiss, F. (1998) Analysing discourse, in: C. Seale (ed.) Researching Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications, pp. 245–60.
Tonkiss, F. (2004) Analysing text and speech: content and discourse analysis, in: C. Searle (ed.) Researching Society and Culture. London: Sage Publications.
Tregear, A. (2011) Progressing knowledge in alternative and local food networks: critical reflections and a research agenda, Journal of Rural Studies, 27(4), pp. 419-430.
Weber, R.P. (ed.) (1990) Basic Content Analysis. London: Sage Publications.
Wilk, R.R. (1999) Real Belizean food: building local identity in the transnational Caribbean, American Anthropologist, 101(2), pp. 244–255.
Wilk, R. (ed.) (2006) Fast Food/Slow Food: The Cultural Economy of the Global Food System. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press.
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