Globalization and Changing Relations among Market, State and Civil Society: A Comparative Analysis of Patagonia and Iowa
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Published
Jun 4, 2007
Cornelia Butler Flora
Monica Bendini
Abstract
Vertical integration by means of an industrial (as opposed to market) convention is a major corollary of neo-liberal globalization. In both the U.S. Midwest and southern Argentina, the type of agriculture that displaced the native peoples was family scale production based on the market convention: price based on volume. From the 1940s to the mid-1990s family producers of hogs in Iowa and of apples in Río Negro went from independent producers with multiple marketing options to displacement by vertically integrated global companies that demanded particular characteristics in the product. Their varied modes of resistance to vertical integration and the industrial convention demonstrates possibilities from the center and the semi-periphery, show how market, state, and civil society could be mobilized to create and control alternative agricultural food networks based on domestic and civic conventions. Because of different sources of prime vulnerability, labor in Río Negro and the environment in Iowa, mechanisms of vertical integration are differentially effective. Thus multinational corporations sought different strategies to maximize control of the value chain in order to guarantee particular product characteristics while minimizing liability from potential violation of labor and environmental laws. In each setting the integrated multi-national firms attempted both direct ownership and contracting, and found less resistance through contracting. Different involvement of civil society determined the success of the implementation of civic conventions that could maintain family-managed production.
How to Cite
Butler Flora, C. . and Bendini, M. . (2007) “Globalization and Changing Relations among Market, State and Civil Society: A Comparative Analysis of Patagonia and Iowa ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 15(2), pp. 1–21. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v15i2.292.
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References
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Fink, D. 1998. Cutting into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Change in the Rural Midwest (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Fink, Deborah. 1986. Open Country, Iowa: Women and the Changing Farm Economy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Gallegos, N. and Bendini, M. 2002. Precarización de las relaciones laborales y nuevas formas de intermediación en un mercado tradicional de trabajo agrario. Políticas Agrícolas 12. REDCAPA. Bogotá.
Gasteyer, S. and C.B. Flora. 2000. Modernizing the savage: Colonization and perceptions of landscape and lifescape. Sociologia Ruralis. 40: 128-149.
Gouveia, L. and A. Juska. 2002. Taming nature, taming workers: Constructing the separation between meat consumption and meat production in the US. Sociologia Ruralis 42: 370-390.
Grey, M.. 1995. Pork, poultry and newcomers in Storm Lake, Iowa. Pp. 109-128 in D.D. Stull, M.J. Broadway, and D. Griffith (eds.) Any Way you Cut It: Meat Processing and Small Town America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Gutman, G. and P. Lavarello. 2002. Transformaciones recientes de las industrias de la alimentacion en Argentina: transnacionalización, concentración y (des)encadenamientos tecnológicos. Revista PIEA. 17: 65-89.
Hamilton, N. and G. Andrews. 1993. State regulation of contract feeding and packer integration in the swine industry. Agricultural Law Update, January.
Hendrickson, M. and W.D. Heffernan. 2002. Opening spaces through relocalisation: locating potential resistance in the weaknesses of the global food system. Sociologia Ruralis 42: 347-369.
Henson, S. and T. Reardon. 2005. Private agri-food standards: Implications for food policy and the agri-food system, Food Policy, Vol 30 Issue 3, June: 241-253.
Holland, M. 2005. Monetary and exchange rate policy in Brazil after inflation targeting. Anais do 33 Encontro Nacional de Economia, Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pósgraduação em Economia
Jackson, L. L., Keeney, D. R., & Gilbert, E. M. 2000. Swine manure management plans in north-central Iowa: Nutrient loading and policy implications. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 55(2):205-212.
Kerwin, J. 2006. The interpersonal world of direct marketing: Examining conventions of quality at UK. Journal of Rural Studies 22: 301-312.
MacDonald, James M., Michael E. Ollinger, Kenneth E. Nelson, and Charles R. Handy. 2000. Consolidation in U.S. Meatpacking. AER-785. USDA. Economic Research Service
Marsden, T.; J. S. Cavalcanti, J. S. and J. Ferreira Irmao. 1996. Globalisation, regionalization and quality: the socioeconomic reconstitution of food in the San Francisco Valley, Brazil. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 5: 85-114.
Mayda, C. 2001. Community culture and the evolution of hog-based agroecosystems: Eastern and Western Oklahoma, Pp. in C. Flora (ed.) Interactions between Agroecosystems and Rural Human Community. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press:33-52.
McLynn, F.J. 1980. The frontier problem in nineteenth century Argentina. History Today 30: 28-32.
Morgan, K.T. Marsden, and J. Murdoch. 2006 Worlds of Food: Place, Power and Provenance in the Food Chain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Niman Ranch. 2007. The Niman Ranch Story. http://www.nimanranch.com/control/story
NCRCRD (North Central Regional Center for Rural Development). 1999. The Impact of Recruiting Vertically Integrated Hog Production in Agriculturally-Based Counties in Oklahoma. Ames, IA: Iowa State University - North Central Regional Center for Rural Development.
Olmedo, C. and M.J. Murray. 2002 The formalization of informal/precarious labor in contemporary Argentina. International Sociology 17 pp. 421-443.
Page, B. 1997: Restructuring pork production, remaking rural Iowa. Pp. 133-157 in D. Goodman, M. Watts (eds), Globalising Food – Agrarian Questions and Rural Restructuring. Montclair, N.J.: Allanheld, Osum and Co. Pfeffer, M. 1983. Social origins of three systems of farm production in the United States. Rural Sociology 48: 540-562.
Ponte, S. and P. Gibbon. 2005. Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global value chains. Economy and Society 34: 1-31.
Raynolds, L. 2002. Consumer/producer links in fair trde coffee networks. Sociologia Ruralis 42:404-424.
Raynolds, L.2000. Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements. Agriculture and Human Values 17:297-309.
Raynolds, L. 2004. The globalization of organic agro-food networks. World Development. 32: 725-743.
Reardon, T. and J.A. Berdegue. 2002. The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: challenges and opportunities for development. Development Policy Review 20 pp. 371-388.
Reardon, T., J.W. Weatherspoon, J.M. Allen, L. Condron, J.A. Busch, D. Berdegue, J. Mainville, J. Estrada and D. Neven. 2002. Globalization of supermarkets: impacts on the international market for fruits and vegetables. In A. Regmi and M. Gehlar eds., Global Markets for High-Value Food Products, Agriculture Information Bulletin (Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service).
Reardon, T., C.P. Timmer, J. Berdegue. 2004. The rapid rise of supermarkets in developing countries: Induced organizational, institutional, and technological change in agrifood systems, Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics – e-JADE, October, 1: http://www.fao.org/es/ESA/ejade/vol_1/vol_1_2.htm
Rikoon, J.S. 1988. Threshing in the Midwest, 1820-1940: A Study of Traditional Culture and Technological Change (Bloomington: Indiana University Press)
Schwieder, D. 1996. Iowa: The Middle Land Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Steimbreger, N. 2001. Trayectoria y reorganización de una empresa frutícola en el marco de la reestructuración productiva. Primer informe de tesis de Maestría en Sociología de la Agricultura Latinoamericana.
Steimbreger, N. and Bendini, M. 2003. Empresas globales y estrategias empresariales en el sistema agroalimentario de fruta fresca. Revista de Estudios Agrarios y Agroalimentarios 17: 37- 64. .
Strange M. and C. Hassebrook. 1981. Take Hogs, for Example: The Transformation of Hog Farming in America. Center for Rural Affairs, Walthill, Nebraska.
Striffler, Steve. 2005 Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food. New Haven: Yale University Press
Thèvenot, L. 1995. Des marches aux norms in G. Allaireand R. Boyer. La Grande Transformation de l’agriculture. Lectures conventionnalistes et regulationnistes. Paris : INRA
Thèvenot, L. 2002. Conventions of co-ordination and the framing of uncertainty. Pp. 181-197 in E. Fullbrook (ed.) Intersubjectivity in Economics. New York: Routledge.
Thèvenot, L., M. Moody and C. Lafaye 2000. Forms of valuing nature: Arguments and modes of justification in French and American environmental disputes. Pp. 229-272 in M. Lamonth and L. Thèvenot. Rethinking comparative cultural sociology: Reperoires of evaluation in France and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tskoumagkos, P. and M. Bendini. 2000. Modernización agroindustrial y mercado de trabajo ¿flexibilización o precarización? El caso de la fruticultura en la cuenca del río Negro. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios del Trabajo: Reestructuración y trabajo en la producción agroalimentaria. 6: 89-112.
Tsakoumagkos, P. and M. Bendini. 2002. Regiones agroexportadoras, complejos alimentarios y producción familiar. Controles y resistencias. Realidad Económica. 190: 116-133.
Thu, K. and P. Durrenberger. 1998. Pigs, Profits and Rural Communities. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
Tweeten, L.G. and C.B. Flora (2001) Vertical Coordination of Agriculture in Farming-Dependent Areas. Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Sciences and Technology Task Force Report No. 137.
Walster, J. 1998. Production contracts come to the Midwest’s’ hog industry, – What does it mean for farmers and bankers? Journal of Agricultural Lending, 34
White, J.W. 1942. Argentina: The Life Story of a Nation. New York: Viking Press
Zering, K. 1998. The changing U.S. pork industry: An overview. Pp, 205-216 in J.S. Royer and R.T. Rogers (eds.) The Industrialization of Agriculture: Vertical Coordination in the U.S. Food System. Brookfield: Ashgate.
Barham, E. 2002. Towards a theory of values-based labeling. Agriculture and Human Values 19:349-360.
Barham, E. Translating terroir: the global challenge of French AOC labeling. Journal of Rural Studies. 19: 127-138.
Bartley, T. 2007. Institutional Emergence in an Era of Globalization: The Rise of Transnational Private Regulation of Labor and Environmental Conditions. American Journal of Sociology 113: 297-351.
Bendini, M. 1999. Entre maças e peras: Globalizaçao, competitividad y trabalho. En Cavalcanti, J. S., Bendini, M. y Graziano da Silva, J. (eds.). Globalizaçao Trabalho Meio Ambiente. Mudanças socieconômicas em regioes frutícolas para exportaçao, Editora Universitaria UFPE. Recife
Bendini, M. 2002. La configuración de una región agrícola dinámica en Argentina. Actores sociales en la negociación local. En Pérez Correa, E. y Sumpsi, J. (eds) Políticas, Instrumentos y Experiencias de Desarrollo Rural en América Latina y Europa. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Madrid.
Bendini, M. and Palomares, M. 1993. Globalización y estrategias empresariales en la fruticultura: sus efectos en los pequeños productores. Revista Internacional de Sociología sobre Agricultura y Alimentos. 3: 40-47.
Bogue, A.G. 1994. From Prairie to Corn Belt: Farming on the Illinois and Iowa Prairies in the Nineteenth Century (Ames: Iowa State University Press).
Boltanksi, L. and L. Thèvenot. 1991. De la justicication: Les èconomies de la grandeur. Paris: Gallimard.
Brunoeler, R.1998. Financing of contract hogs units is mostly gilt-edged business. AgriFinance. Pp.10.
Busch, L. and C. Bain. 2004. New! Improved? The transformation of the global agrifood system. Rural Sociology 69: 321-346.
Cavalcanti, J. S. and M. Bendini. 2001. Hacia una configuración de trabajadores rurales en la fruticultura de exportación de Brasil y Argentina En Giarracca, N. (eds.) ¿Una nueva ruralidad en América Latina? Buenas Aires: CLACSO.
Constance D. and A. Bonanno. 1999. CAFO controversy in the Texas panhandle region: The environmental crisis of hog production. Culture and Agriculture 21: 14-26.
Constance, D.H., A. M. Kleiner, and J. S. Rikoon. 2003. The contested terrain of swine production: Deregulation and reregulation of corporate farming laws in Missouri. Pp. 75-95 in Jane Adams (ed.) Fighting for the Farm: Rural America Transformed. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Davis, J.E. 1980. Capitalist agricultural development and the exploitation of the propertied labourer, in F. Buttel, H. Newby (eds), Rural Sociology of the Advanced Societies – Critical Perspectives. London: Croom Helm: 133-154.
DeLind, L.B. 1998. Parma, A story of hog hotels and local resistance. Pp 23-38 in Pigs, Profits, and Rural Communities edited by K. Thu and E.P. Durrenberger. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
DeLind, L.B. 1995. The state, hog hotels, and the ‘right to farm’: A curious relationship. Agriculture and Human Values, 12:34-44.
De Santillán, D. (1965) Historia Argentina. Buenos Aires: Tipográfica Editora Argentina.
Dixon, J. 1999. A cultural economy model for studying food systems. Agriculture and Human Values 16: 151-160.
Dixon, J. 2002. The Changing Chicken: Chooks, Chinks and Culinary Culture.. Sydney: University of New South Wales Press Ltd.
Durrenberger P and K. Thu, 1996. The expansion of large scale hog farming in Iowa: The applicability of Goldschmidt’s findings fifty years later. Human Organization 55:409-415.
Federación de Productores de Frutas de Río Negro y Neuquén. 2000. Bases y condiciones para un programa frutícola. Mimeo.
Federación de Productores de Fruta de Río Negro y Neuquén. 2007. Quienes somos? http://www.federfruticola.org.ar/quienes-somos/quienes-somos.htm
Flora, J. Q. Chen, S. Bastian, and R. Hartmann. 2007. Hog CAFOs and Sustainability: Local Development and Water Quality in Iowa. Iowa Policy Project, Mount Vernon, IA.
Freidberg, S.E. 2003. Culture, conventions and colonial constructs of rural in southnorth horticultural trades. Journal of Rural Studies 19:97-109.
Fulcher, C. 1992. Vertical integration in the poultry industry: the contractual relationship. Agricultural Law Update 4.
Fink, D. 1998. Cutting into the Meatpacking Line: Workers and Change in the Rural Midwest (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press).
Fink, Deborah. 1986. Open Country, Iowa: Women and the Changing Farm Economy. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Gallegos, N. and Bendini, M. 2002. Precarización de las relaciones laborales y nuevas formas de intermediación en un mercado tradicional de trabajo agrario. Políticas Agrícolas 12. REDCAPA. Bogotá.
Gasteyer, S. and C.B. Flora. 2000. Modernizing the savage: Colonization and perceptions of landscape and lifescape. Sociologia Ruralis. 40: 128-149.
Gouveia, L. and A. Juska. 2002. Taming nature, taming workers: Constructing the separation between meat consumption and meat production in the US. Sociologia Ruralis 42: 370-390.
Grey, M.. 1995. Pork, poultry and newcomers in Storm Lake, Iowa. Pp. 109-128 in D.D. Stull, M.J. Broadway, and D. Griffith (eds.) Any Way you Cut It: Meat Processing and Small Town America. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Gutman, G. and P. Lavarello. 2002. Transformaciones recientes de las industrias de la alimentacion en Argentina: transnacionalización, concentración y (des)encadenamientos tecnológicos. Revista PIEA. 17: 65-89.
Hamilton, N. and G. Andrews. 1993. State regulation of contract feeding and packer integration in the swine industry. Agricultural Law Update, January.
Hendrickson, M. and W.D. Heffernan. 2002. Opening spaces through relocalisation: locating potential resistance in the weaknesses of the global food system. Sociologia Ruralis 42: 347-369.
Henson, S. and T. Reardon. 2005. Private agri-food standards: Implications for food policy and the agri-food system, Food Policy, Vol 30 Issue 3, June: 241-253.
Holland, M. 2005. Monetary and exchange rate policy in Brazil after inflation targeting. Anais do 33 Encontro Nacional de Economia, Associação Nacional dos Centros de Pósgraduação em Economia
Jackson, L. L., Keeney, D. R., & Gilbert, E. M. 2000. Swine manure management plans in north-central Iowa: Nutrient loading and policy implications. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 55(2):205-212.
Kerwin, J. 2006. The interpersonal world of direct marketing: Examining conventions of quality at UK. Journal of Rural Studies 22: 301-312.
MacDonald, James M., Michael E. Ollinger, Kenneth E. Nelson, and Charles R. Handy. 2000. Consolidation in U.S. Meatpacking. AER-785. USDA. Economic Research Service
Marsden, T.; J. S. Cavalcanti, J. S. and J. Ferreira Irmao. 1996. Globalisation, regionalization and quality: the socioeconomic reconstitution of food in the San Francisco Valley, Brazil. International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food 5: 85-114.
Mayda, C. 2001. Community culture and the evolution of hog-based agroecosystems: Eastern and Western Oklahoma, Pp. in C. Flora (ed.) Interactions between Agroecosystems and Rural Human Community. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press:33-52.
McLynn, F.J. 1980. The frontier problem in nineteenth century Argentina. History Today 30: 28-32.
Morgan, K.T. Marsden, and J. Murdoch. 2006 Worlds of Food: Place, Power and Provenance in the Food Chain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Niman Ranch. 2007. The Niman Ranch Story. http://www.nimanranch.com/control/story
NCRCRD (North Central Regional Center for Rural Development). 1999. The Impact of Recruiting Vertically Integrated Hog Production in Agriculturally-Based Counties in Oklahoma. Ames, IA: Iowa State University - North Central Regional Center for Rural Development.
Olmedo, C. and M.J. Murray. 2002 The formalization of informal/precarious labor in contemporary Argentina. International Sociology 17 pp. 421-443.
Page, B. 1997: Restructuring pork production, remaking rural Iowa. Pp. 133-157 in D. Goodman, M. Watts (eds), Globalising Food – Agrarian Questions and Rural Restructuring. Montclair, N.J.: Allanheld, Osum and Co. Pfeffer, M. 1983. Social origins of three systems of farm production in the United States. Rural Sociology 48: 540-562.
Ponte, S. and P. Gibbon. 2005. Quality standards, conventions and the governance of global value chains. Economy and Society 34: 1-31.
Raynolds, L. 2002. Consumer/producer links in fair trde coffee networks. Sociologia Ruralis 42:404-424.
Raynolds, L.2000. Re-embedding global agriculture: The international organic and fair trade movements. Agriculture and Human Values 17:297-309.
Raynolds, L. 2004. The globalization of organic agro-food networks. World Development. 32: 725-743.
Reardon, T. and J.A. Berdegue. 2002. The rapid rise of supermarkets in Latin America: challenges and opportunities for development. Development Policy Review 20 pp. 371-388.
Reardon, T., J.W. Weatherspoon, J.M. Allen, L. Condron, J.A. Busch, D. Berdegue, J. Mainville, J. Estrada and D. Neven. 2002. Globalization of supermarkets: impacts on the international market for fruits and vegetables. In A. Regmi and M. Gehlar eds., Global Markets for High-Value Food Products, Agriculture Information Bulletin (Washington, DC: USDA Economic Research Service).
Reardon, T., C.P. Timmer, J. Berdegue. 2004. The rapid rise of supermarkets in developing countries: Induced organizational, institutional, and technological change in agrifood systems, Electronic Journal of Agricultural and Development Economics – e-JADE, October, 1: http://www.fao.org/es/ESA/ejade/vol_1/vol_1_2.htm
Rikoon, J.S. 1988. Threshing in the Midwest, 1820-1940: A Study of Traditional Culture and Technological Change (Bloomington: Indiana University Press)
Schwieder, D. 1996. Iowa: The Middle Land Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Steimbreger, N. 2001. Trayectoria y reorganización de una empresa frutícola en el marco de la reestructuración productiva. Primer informe de tesis de Maestría en Sociología de la Agricultura Latinoamericana.
Steimbreger, N. and Bendini, M. 2003. Empresas globales y estrategias empresariales en el sistema agroalimentario de fruta fresca. Revista de Estudios Agrarios y Agroalimentarios 17: 37- 64. .
Strange M. and C. Hassebrook. 1981. Take Hogs, for Example: The Transformation of Hog Farming in America. Center for Rural Affairs, Walthill, Nebraska.
Striffler, Steve. 2005 Chicken: The Dangerous Transformation of America's Favorite Food. New Haven: Yale University Press
Thèvenot, L. 1995. Des marches aux norms in G. Allaireand R. Boyer. La Grande Transformation de l’agriculture. Lectures conventionnalistes et regulationnistes. Paris : INRA
Thèvenot, L. 2002. Conventions of co-ordination and the framing of uncertainty. Pp. 181-197 in E. Fullbrook (ed.) Intersubjectivity in Economics. New York: Routledge.
Thèvenot, L., M. Moody and C. Lafaye 2000. Forms of valuing nature: Arguments and modes of justification in French and American environmental disputes. Pp. 229-272 in M. Lamonth and L. Thèvenot. Rethinking comparative cultural sociology: Reperoires of evaluation in France and the United States. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tskoumagkos, P. and M. Bendini. 2000. Modernización agroindustrial y mercado de trabajo ¿flexibilización o precarización? El caso de la fruticultura en la cuenca del río Negro. Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios del Trabajo: Reestructuración y trabajo en la producción agroalimentaria. 6: 89-112.
Tsakoumagkos, P. and M. Bendini. 2002. Regiones agroexportadoras, complejos alimentarios y producción familiar. Controles y resistencias. Realidad Económica. 190: 116-133.
Thu, K. and P. Durrenberger. 1998. Pigs, Profits and Rural Communities. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
Tweeten, L.G. and C.B. Flora (2001) Vertical Coordination of Agriculture in Farming-Dependent Areas. Ames, IA: Council for Agricultural Sciences and Technology Task Force Report No. 137.
Walster, J. 1998. Production contracts come to the Midwest’s’ hog industry, – What does it mean for farmers and bankers? Journal of Agricultural Lending, 34
White, J.W. 1942. Argentina: The Life Story of a Nation. New York: Viking Press
Zering, K. 1998. The changing U.S. pork industry: An overview. Pp, 205-216 in J.S. Royer and R.T. Rogers (eds.) The Industrialization of Agriculture: Vertical Coordination in the U.S. Food System. Brookfield: Ashgate.
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