Institutional food literacy in Japan's Children's Canteens Leveraging food system skills to reduce food waste and food insecurity via new food distribution network
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Published
Dec 31, 2021
Ayaka Nomura
Hart Nadav Feuer
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2610-3716
Abstract
One third of world food production is not consumed, and yet food insecurity is pervasive. Food waste is an issue whose resolution can contribute to more economically efficient and environmentally sustainable food systems. Previous studies on food waste reduction suggest that higher domestic competencies are associated with reduced food waste at the individual and household level. Based on a study of the nascent kodomo shokudō or Children’s Canteen (CC) movement in Japan, this paper more broadly conceptualizes these competencies under the framework of food literacy, and demonstrates the mechanisms whereby food literacy can be engaged to reduce food waste. The paper furthermore shows how food literacy can combine synergistically in groups or organizations to form ‘institutional food literacy’ that is better suited to tackle broader problems of food insecurity, waste, and social alienation. Although the CC movement emerged primarily in response to the recognition of child food poverty in Japan, its popularity and rapid diffusion across the country since 2014 have made it a significant player in the food waste sector. Unlike food banks and other professionalized welfare supports, the CCs derive their expertise and orientation from the distinctive values and lay skills associated with food literacy. Through participant observation in a CC in Okinawa, we demonstrate how the value of these lay skills, particularly when combined in institutional settings, can play a significant role in food waste reduction. In particular, institutional food literacy can contribute to reducing food waste through: (1) efficient management and leveraging of localized food (re)distribution networks, (2) increased capacity for absorbing and utilizing erratic food donations, and (3) rendering food literacy, and its associated benefits, more visible and transmissible to children and other adults.
How to Cite
Nomura, A. and Feuer, H. N. (2021) “Institutional food literacy in Japan’s Children’s Canteens: Leveraging food system skills to reduce food waste and food insecurity via new food distribution network”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 27(2), pp. 55–71. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v27i2.441.
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References
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Caraher, M., P. Dixon, T. Lang and R. Carr-Hill. 1999. The State of Cooking in England: The Relationship of Cooking Skills to Food Choice. British Food Journal, 101 (8), 590.
Clapp, J. 2015. Hunger in The Balance: The New Politics of International Food aid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Crowther, G. 2013. Eating Culture: An Anthropological Guide to Food. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Cullen, T., J. Hatch, W. Martin, J.W. Higgins and R. Sheppard. 2015. Food Literacy: Definition and Framework for Action. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 76, 140.
Desjardins, E., 2013. Making Something out of Nothing: Food Literacy among Youth, Young Pregnant Women and Young Parents Who Are at Risk of Poor Health. Toronto: Public Health Ontario.
Douglas, F., J. Sapko, K. Kiezebrink and J. Kyle. 2015. Resourcefulness, Desperation, Shame, Gratitude and Powerlessness: Common Themes Emerging from A Study of Food Bank Use in Northeast Scotland. AIMS Public Health, 2 (3), 297.
Evans, D., H. Campbell, and A. Murcott. 2012. A Brief Pre-History of Food Waste and the Social Sciences. The Sociological Review, 60 (2_suppl), 5.
FAO. 2019. FAO Framework for the Urban Food Agenda: Leveraging Sub-national and Local Government Action to Ensure Sustainable Food Systems and Improved Nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Farr-Wharton, G., M. Foth, and J.H.-J. Choi. Identifying Factors that Promote Consumer Behaviours Causing Expired Domestic Food Waste. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13 (6), 393.
Feuer, H.N. and A. Nomura. Forthcoming, Conventionalization of Informal, Community-led Responses to Japan’s Food Poverty CrisisI In Food Baskets for Post-Growth Japan: Revaluing Informal and Wild Food Practices as Provisioning Systems, edited by S. McGreevy, C. Rupprecht, and N. Tamura. Canberra: ANU Press.
Friedmann, H., 1982. The Political Economy of Food: The Rise and Fall of the Postwar International Food Order. American Journal of Sociology, 88, S248.
Godfray, H.C.J., J.R. Beddington, I.R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence, J.F. Muir, J. Pretty, S. Robinson, S.M. Thomas, and C. Toulmin, 2010. Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science, 327 (5967), 812.
Gustavsson, J., C. Cederberg, and U. Sonesson. 2011. Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention. Study Conducted for the International Congress Save Food! at Interpack 2011, [16 - 17 May]. Düsseldorf, Germany. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Hawkes, C. and J. Webster. 2000. Too Much and Too Little? Debates on Surplus Food Redistribution. London: Sustain.
Hemar‐Nicolas, V., P. Ezan, M. Gollety, N. Guichard, and J. Leroy, 2013. How Do Children Learn Eating Practices? Beyond the Nutritional Information, the Importance of Social Eating. Young Consumers 14 (1), 5.
Ishige, N. 2016. Shokuji no Bunmeiron [Cultural Theory of Meals]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Shinsha.
Jaffe, J. and M. Gertler. 2006. Victual Vicissitudes: Consumer Deskilling and the (Gendered) Transformation of Food Systems. Agriculture and Human Values, 23 (2), 143.
Kamiya, J. 2019. A Report on Visit to Children’s Cafeterias. Bulletin CFFE Teikyo University of Science 2, 13.
Kimura, A.H. 2011. Food Education as Food Literacy: Privatized and Gendered Food Knowledge in Contemporary Japan. Agriculture and Human Values 28 (4), 465.
Kobayashi, T. 2015. Shokuhin-loss no Keizaigaku [Economics of Food Loss and Waste]. Tokyo: Agriculture and Forestry Statistics Publishing Inc.
Lupton, D. 1996. Food, the Body, and the Self. London: Sage Publications.
MHLW. 2016. Heisei 28-nen Kokumin Seikatsu Kiso Chosa no Gaikyo [Summary of Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in 2016]. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.
Moisio, R., E.J. Arnould, and L.L. Price. 2004. Between Mothers and Markets: Constructing Family Identity Through Homemade Food. Journal of Consumer Culture, 4 (3), 361.
Morrow, O. 2019. Community Self-Organizing and the Urban Food Commons in Berlin and New York. Sustainability 11 (13), 3641.
NAS. 2016. Food Literacy: How Do Communications and Marketing Impact Consumer Knowledge, Skills, and Behavior? Workshop Summary. USA National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Nanahoshi, J. 2018. Naze Kodomo-shokudo wa Shakaiteki Impact wo Ataetanoka [Why did Children’s Canteens have so much social impact]. Chiba University Graduate School of Humanities and Study of Public Affairs Research Project Reports, 332, 3.
Noda, M. 2015. Kazoku no Communication wa Shokutaku no Jyujitsu Kara ka [Is family communication born out of realizing the family meal?]. Tomomi Shinada, Noda Megumi, Hatakeyama Yosuke (eds) Heisei no Kazoku to Shoku [Food and Family in the Heisei Era]. Tokyo: Shobunsha.
Nomura, A. 2020a. “The Hidden Contribution of Food Literacy to Food Waste Reduction.” PhD in Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Japan.
Nomura, A. 2020b. The Shift of Food Value Through Food Banks: A Case Study in Kyoto, Japan. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 17 (1), 243.
Ochs, E. and M. Shohet. 2006. The Cultural Structuring of Mealtime Socialization. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2006 (111), 35.
Parfitt, J., M. Barthel, and S. Macnaughton. 2010. Food Waste Within Food Supply Chains: Quantification and Potential for Change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365 (1554), 3065.
Perry, E.A., H. Thomas, H.R. Samra, S. Edmonstone, L. Davidson, A. Faulkner, L. Petermann, E. Manafò, and S.I. Kirkpatrick. 2017. Identifying Attributes of Food Literacy: A Scoping Review. Public Health Nutrition 20 (13), 2406.
Psarikidou, K., H. Kaloudis, A. Fielden, C. Reynolds. 2019. Local Food Hubs in Deprived Areas: De-Stigmatising Food Poverty? Local Environment 24 (6), 525.
Quested, T.E., E. Marsh, D. Stunell, and A.D. Parry. 2013. Spaghetti Soup: The Complex World of Food Waste Behaviours. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 79, 43.
Riches, G. 2011. Thinking and Acting Outside the Charitable Food Box: Hunger and the Right to Food in Rich Societies. Development in Practice, 21 (4–5), 768.
Rideout, K., G. Riches, A. Ostry, D. Buckingham, and R. MacRae. 2007. Bringing Home the Right to Food in Canada: Challenges and Possibilities for Achieving Food Security. Public Health Nutrition, 10 (6), 566.
Rietkerk, A.D. 2016. ‘The Constructive Use of Abundance’: the UN World Food Programme and the Evolution of the International Food-Aid System During the Post-War Decades. The International History Review, 38 (4), 788.
Romani, S., S. Grappi, R.P. Bagozzi, and A.M. Barone. 2018. Domestic Food Practices: A Study of Food Management Behaviors and the Role of Food Preparation Planning in Reducing Waste. Appetite, 121, 215.
Schubert, L. 2008. Household Food Strategies and the Reframing of Ways of Understanding Dietary Practices. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47 (3), 254.
Stancu, V., P. Haugaard, and L. Lähteenmäki. 2016. Determinants of Consumer Food Waste Behaviour: Two Routes to Food Waste. Appetite, 96, 7.
Starkey, L.J. and C. Lindhorst. 1996. Emergency Food Bags Offer More Than Food. Journal of Nutrition Education, 28 (3), 183.
Sumner, J. 2013. Food Literacy and Adult Education: Learning to Read the World by Eating. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education 25 (2), 79.
Tamura, M. 2016. Considering Some Functions of “Children’s Place”. Bulletin of Uekusa gakuen tankidaigaku. 17, 31.
Tarasuk, V. and J.M. Eakin. 2005. Food Assistance Through “Surplus” Food: Insights From an Ethnographic Study of Food Bank Work. Agriculture and Human Values, 22 (2), 177.
van der Horst, H., S. Pascucci, and W. Bol. 2014. The “Dark Side” of Food Banks? Exploring Emotional Responses of Food Bank Receivers in the Netherlands. British Food Journal, 116 (9), 1506.
Veen, E.J. 2019. Fostering Community Values through Meal Sharing with Strangers. Sustainability 11 (7), 2121.
Vidgen, H.A., and Danielle Gallegos. 2010. Food Literacy: Time for a New Term or Just Another Buzzword? Journal of the Home Economics Institute of Australia 17 (2), 2.
Vidgen, H.A. and D. Gallegos. 2011. What is Food Literacy and Does it Influence What We Eat: A Study of Australian Food Experts. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
Vidgen, H.A. and D. Gallegos. 2014. Defining Food Literacy and Its Components. Appetite, 76, 50.
Yoshioka, A. and M. Saito. 2019. Implementation of Activities in Children’s Cafeterias Involving the Nature in the Neighborhood. Bulletin of the Educational Research and Development, Faculty of Education, Kagoshima University, 28, 47.
Yuasa, M. 2019a. Fuetsudukeru Kodomo-shokudo, Kako Saidai no 1400 kasho Zou de Zenkoku 3,718 kasyo ni [Children’s Canteens seeing a growth record from 1,400 to 3,718]. [online]. Available from: https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/yuasamakoto/20190626-00131725/ [Accessed 18 Dec 2019].
Yuasa, M. 2019b. Why Are Children’s Cafeterias Needed Now? [online]. Available from: https://www.childresearch.net/papers/rights/2019_02.html [Accessed 18 Dec 2019].
Yuasa, M. 2016. Nazukeoya ga Iu Kodomo-shokudo wa Kodomo no Shokudo dewa Nai [Founder’s definition of Children’s Canteen is not limited to only children]. [online]. Available from: https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/yuasamakoto/20160724-00060184/ [Accessed 19 Dec 2019].
Warshawsky, D.N. 2010. New Power Relations Served Here: The Growth of Food Banking in Chicago. Geoforum, 41 (5), 763.
Wijnhoven, T.M. 2015. Overweight and Obesity in Primary-school Children: A Surveillance System for Policy-making in Europe from 2007 Onwards. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, 6 October.
Booth, S. and J. Whelan. 2014. Hungry for Change: The Food Banking Industry in Australia. British Food Journal, 116 (9), 1392.
Caraher, M., 2016. Food Literacy beyond the Individual: The Nexus between Personal Skills and Victim Blaming. In Food literacy: Key concepts for health and education, edited by H. Vidgen, pp. 118–133. New York: Routledge.
Caraher, M., P. Dixon, T. Lang and R. Carr-Hill. 1999. The State of Cooking in England: The Relationship of Cooking Skills to Food Choice. British Food Journal, 101 (8), 590.
Clapp, J. 2015. Hunger in The Balance: The New Politics of International Food aid. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Crowther, G. 2013. Eating Culture: An Anthropological Guide to Food. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Cullen, T., J. Hatch, W. Martin, J.W. Higgins and R. Sheppard. 2015. Food Literacy: Definition and Framework for Action. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research 76, 140.
Desjardins, E., 2013. Making Something out of Nothing: Food Literacy among Youth, Young Pregnant Women and Young Parents Who Are at Risk of Poor Health. Toronto: Public Health Ontario.
Douglas, F., J. Sapko, K. Kiezebrink and J. Kyle. 2015. Resourcefulness, Desperation, Shame, Gratitude and Powerlessness: Common Themes Emerging from A Study of Food Bank Use in Northeast Scotland. AIMS Public Health, 2 (3), 297.
Evans, D., H. Campbell, and A. Murcott. 2012. A Brief Pre-History of Food Waste and the Social Sciences. The Sociological Review, 60 (2_suppl), 5.
FAO. 2019. FAO Framework for the Urban Food Agenda: Leveraging Sub-national and Local Government Action to Ensure Sustainable Food Systems and Improved Nutrition. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Farr-Wharton, G., M. Foth, and J.H.-J. Choi. Identifying Factors that Promote Consumer Behaviours Causing Expired Domestic Food Waste. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 13 (6), 393.
Feuer, H.N. and A. Nomura. Forthcoming, Conventionalization of Informal, Community-led Responses to Japan’s Food Poverty CrisisI In Food Baskets for Post-Growth Japan: Revaluing Informal and Wild Food Practices as Provisioning Systems, edited by S. McGreevy, C. Rupprecht, and N. Tamura. Canberra: ANU Press.
Friedmann, H., 1982. The Political Economy of Food: The Rise and Fall of the Postwar International Food Order. American Journal of Sociology, 88, S248.
Godfray, H.C.J., J.R. Beddington, I.R. Crute, L. Haddad, D. Lawrence, J.F. Muir, J. Pretty, S. Robinson, S.M. Thomas, and C. Toulmin, 2010. Food Security: The Challenge of Feeding 9 Billion People. Science, 327 (5967), 812.
Gustavsson, J., C. Cederberg, and U. Sonesson. 2011. Global Food Losses and Food Waste: Extent, Causes and Prevention. Study Conducted for the International Congress Save Food! at Interpack 2011, [16 - 17 May]. Düsseldorf, Germany. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Hawkes, C. and J. Webster. 2000. Too Much and Too Little? Debates on Surplus Food Redistribution. London: Sustain.
Hemar‐Nicolas, V., P. Ezan, M. Gollety, N. Guichard, and J. Leroy, 2013. How Do Children Learn Eating Practices? Beyond the Nutritional Information, the Importance of Social Eating. Young Consumers 14 (1), 5.
Ishige, N. 2016. Shokuji no Bunmeiron [Cultural Theory of Meals]. Tokyo: Chuokoron Shinsha.
Jaffe, J. and M. Gertler. 2006. Victual Vicissitudes: Consumer Deskilling and the (Gendered) Transformation of Food Systems. Agriculture and Human Values, 23 (2), 143.
Kamiya, J. 2019. A Report on Visit to Children’s Cafeterias. Bulletin CFFE Teikyo University of Science 2, 13.
Kimura, A.H. 2011. Food Education as Food Literacy: Privatized and Gendered Food Knowledge in Contemporary Japan. Agriculture and Human Values 28 (4), 465.
Kobayashi, T. 2015. Shokuhin-loss no Keizaigaku [Economics of Food Loss and Waste]. Tokyo: Agriculture and Forestry Statistics Publishing Inc.
Lupton, D. 1996. Food, the Body, and the Self. London: Sage Publications.
MHLW. 2016. Heisei 28-nen Kokumin Seikatsu Kiso Chosa no Gaikyo [Summary of Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in 2016]. Tokyo: Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare of Japan.
Moisio, R., E.J. Arnould, and L.L. Price. 2004. Between Mothers and Markets: Constructing Family Identity Through Homemade Food. Journal of Consumer Culture, 4 (3), 361.
Morrow, O. 2019. Community Self-Organizing and the Urban Food Commons in Berlin and New York. Sustainability 11 (13), 3641.
NAS. 2016. Food Literacy: How Do Communications and Marketing Impact Consumer Knowledge, Skills, and Behavior? Workshop Summary. USA National Academy of Sciences. Washington, D.C.: The National Academies Press.
Nanahoshi, J. 2018. Naze Kodomo-shokudo wa Shakaiteki Impact wo Ataetanoka [Why did Children’s Canteens have so much social impact]. Chiba University Graduate School of Humanities and Study of Public Affairs Research Project Reports, 332, 3.
Noda, M. 2015. Kazoku no Communication wa Shokutaku no Jyujitsu Kara ka [Is family communication born out of realizing the family meal?]. Tomomi Shinada, Noda Megumi, Hatakeyama Yosuke (eds) Heisei no Kazoku to Shoku [Food and Family in the Heisei Era]. Tokyo: Shobunsha.
Nomura, A. 2020a. “The Hidden Contribution of Food Literacy to Food Waste Reduction.” PhD in Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Japan.
Nomura, A. 2020b. The Shift of Food Value Through Food Banks: A Case Study in Kyoto, Japan. Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, 17 (1), 243.
Ochs, E. and M. Shohet. 2006. The Cultural Structuring of Mealtime Socialization. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 2006 (111), 35.
Parfitt, J., M. Barthel, and S. Macnaughton. 2010. Food Waste Within Food Supply Chains: Quantification and Potential for Change to 2050. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365 (1554), 3065.
Perry, E.A., H. Thomas, H.R. Samra, S. Edmonstone, L. Davidson, A. Faulkner, L. Petermann, E. Manafò, and S.I. Kirkpatrick. 2017. Identifying Attributes of Food Literacy: A Scoping Review. Public Health Nutrition 20 (13), 2406.
Psarikidou, K., H. Kaloudis, A. Fielden, C. Reynolds. 2019. Local Food Hubs in Deprived Areas: De-Stigmatising Food Poverty? Local Environment 24 (6), 525.
Quested, T.E., E. Marsh, D. Stunell, and A.D. Parry. 2013. Spaghetti Soup: The Complex World of Food Waste Behaviours. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 79, 43.
Riches, G. 2011. Thinking and Acting Outside the Charitable Food Box: Hunger and the Right to Food in Rich Societies. Development in Practice, 21 (4–5), 768.
Rideout, K., G. Riches, A. Ostry, D. Buckingham, and R. MacRae. 2007. Bringing Home the Right to Food in Canada: Challenges and Possibilities for Achieving Food Security. Public Health Nutrition, 10 (6), 566.
Rietkerk, A.D. 2016. ‘The Constructive Use of Abundance’: the UN World Food Programme and the Evolution of the International Food-Aid System During the Post-War Decades. The International History Review, 38 (4), 788.
Romani, S., S. Grappi, R.P. Bagozzi, and A.M. Barone. 2018. Domestic Food Practices: A Study of Food Management Behaviors and the Role of Food Preparation Planning in Reducing Waste. Appetite, 121, 215.
Schubert, L. 2008. Household Food Strategies and the Reframing of Ways of Understanding Dietary Practices. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 47 (3), 254.
Stancu, V., P. Haugaard, and L. Lähteenmäki. 2016. Determinants of Consumer Food Waste Behaviour: Two Routes to Food Waste. Appetite, 96, 7.
Starkey, L.J. and C. Lindhorst. 1996. Emergency Food Bags Offer More Than Food. Journal of Nutrition Education, 28 (3), 183.
Sumner, J. 2013. Food Literacy and Adult Education: Learning to Read the World by Eating. Canadian Journal for the Study of Adult Education 25 (2), 79.
Tamura, M. 2016. Considering Some Functions of “Children’s Place”. Bulletin of Uekusa gakuen tankidaigaku. 17, 31.
Tarasuk, V. and J.M. Eakin. 2005. Food Assistance Through “Surplus” Food: Insights From an Ethnographic Study of Food Bank Work. Agriculture and Human Values, 22 (2), 177.
van der Horst, H., S. Pascucci, and W. Bol. 2014. The “Dark Side” of Food Banks? Exploring Emotional Responses of Food Bank Receivers in the Netherlands. British Food Journal, 116 (9), 1506.
Veen, E.J. 2019. Fostering Community Values through Meal Sharing with Strangers. Sustainability 11 (7), 2121.
Vidgen, H.A., and Danielle Gallegos. 2010. Food Literacy: Time for a New Term or Just Another Buzzword? Journal of the Home Economics Institute of Australia 17 (2), 2.
Vidgen, H.A. and D. Gallegos. 2011. What is Food Literacy and Does it Influence What We Eat: A Study of Australian Food Experts. Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology.
Vidgen, H.A. and D. Gallegos. 2014. Defining Food Literacy and Its Components. Appetite, 76, 50.
Yoshioka, A. and M. Saito. 2019. Implementation of Activities in Children’s Cafeterias Involving the Nature in the Neighborhood. Bulletin of the Educational Research and Development, Faculty of Education, Kagoshima University, 28, 47.
Yuasa, M. 2019a. Fuetsudukeru Kodomo-shokudo, Kako Saidai no 1400 kasho Zou de Zenkoku 3,718 kasyo ni [Children’s Canteens seeing a growth record from 1,400 to 3,718]. [online]. Available from: https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/yuasamakoto/20190626-00131725/ [Accessed 18 Dec 2019].
Yuasa, M. 2019b. Why Are Children’s Cafeterias Needed Now? [online]. Available from: https://www.childresearch.net/papers/rights/2019_02.html [Accessed 18 Dec 2019].
Yuasa, M. 2016. Nazukeoya ga Iu Kodomo-shokudo wa Kodomo no Shokudo dewa Nai [Founder’s definition of Children’s Canteen is not limited to only children]. [online]. Available from: https://news.yahoo.co.jp/byline/yuasamakoto/20160724-00060184/ [Accessed 19 Dec 2019].
Warshawsky, D.N. 2010. New Power Relations Served Here: The Growth of Food Banking in Chicago. Geoforum, 41 (5), 763.
Wijnhoven, T.M. 2015. Overweight and Obesity in Primary-school Children: A Surveillance System for Policy-making in Europe from 2007 Onwards. PhD Thesis, Wageningen University, 6 October.
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