Farm Crisis or Agricultural System Crisis? Defining National Problems in a Global Economy
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Published
Jan 15, 2003
Leland Glenna
Abstract
The popular press, farm groups, and the Federal Government characterized the 1980s as a period of severe farm crisis. But the decline in farm numbers in the 1980s was not as steep as it had been in the 1950s, 1960s, or even the 1970s. Sociologists recognize that social problems are not the result of the sudden awareness of objective and identifiable conditions, but become defined through a collective process that assigns social significance to a set of conditions. What remains open to examination is how social systems and changes in those systems tend to structure the collective problem-definition process in such a way that one set of actors is able to promote its definitions over others. Using congressional hearings leading up to the passage of the 1985 Food Security Act and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) data on agricultural conditions in the 1980s, I argue that policy makers defined those conditions as an agricultural system crisis, not as a farm crisis. This choice of definitions reflected the ability of emerging transnational agribusinesses to convince policy makers that the pressures of an international economy required a restructuring of the national farm policies. I will then discuss how these findings improve our understanding of how the state negotiates its national responsibilities in a global economy.
How to Cite
Glenna, L. . (2003) “Farm Crisis or Agricultural System Crisis? Defining National Problems in a Global Economy ”, The International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. Paris, France, 11, pp. 15–30. doi: 10.48416/ijsaf.v11i.326.
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References
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In F.H. Buttel and H. Newby (eds.), The Rural Sociology of the Advanced Societies. Montclair, N.J.: Allanheld, Osmound and Co.
Barnet, Richard and John Cavanagh. 1994. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Bonanno, Alessandro, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia, and Enzo Mingione. 1994. From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Bonanno, Alessandro. 1991. "The Restructuring of the Agricultural and Food System: Social and Economic Equity in the Reshaping of the Agrarian Question and the Food Question." Agriculture and Human Values 8(4): 72-82.
________. 1987. Small Farms. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review
Press.
Brenner, Robert. 1998. “The Economics of Global Turbulence.” New Left Review #229(May/June).
Browne, William P. 1988. Private Interests, Public Policy, and American Agriculture. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Bultena, Gordon, Paul Lasely, and Jack Geller. 1986. “The farm crisis: Patterns and impacts of financial distress among Iowa farm families.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 436-438.
Buttel, Frederick H., Olaf F. Larson, and Gilbert W. Gillespie Jr. 1990. The Sociology of Agriculture. New York: Greenwood Press.
Buttel, Frederick H. 1989. “The U.S. Farm Crisis and the Restructuring of American Agriculture: Domestic and International Dimensions.” Pp. 46-83. In D. Goodman and M. Redclift (eds.) The International Farm Crisis. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Cochrane, Willard W. 1993. The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Constance, Douglas H. and William D. Heffernan. 1991. “The Global Poultry Agro/Food Complex.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. 1: 126-141.
Constance, Douglas H., Jere L. Gilles, and William D. Heffernan. 1990. “Agrarian Policies and Agricultural Systems in the United States.” In Alessandro Bonanno (ed.) Agrarian Policies and Agricultural Systems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Country Life Commission. 1911. Report on the Commission on Country Life. New York: Sturgis & Walton Company.
Danbom, David B. 1979. The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
Fite, Gilbert. 1981. American Farmers: The New Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fite, Gilbert C. and Jim E. Reese. 1965. An Economic History of the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Friedmann, Harriet and Philip McMichael. 1989. “Agriculture and the State System: The rise and decline of national agricultures, 1870 to the present.” Sociologia Ruralis. 21:93-117.
Gilbert, Jess and Carolyn Howe. 1991. “Beyond ‘State vs. Society’: Theories of the State and New Deal Agricultural Policies” American Sociological Review 56(April): 204-220.
Glenna, Leland L. 1999. “Systemic Constraints to Ecological Well-being: The Case of the 1985 Food Security Act.” Rural Sociology 64(1): 131-155.
Green, Gary P. 1987. Finance Capital and Uneven Development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
________. 1984. “Credit and agriculture: some consequences of the centralization of the banking system.” Rural Sociology 49(4): 568-579.
Halcrow, Harold G., Robert G.F. Spitze, and Joyce E. Allen-Smith. 1994. Food & Agricultural Policy: Economics and Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Harl, Neil E. 1990. The farm debt crisis of the 1980s Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Heffernan, William D. 2000. “Concentration of Ownership and Control in Agriculture.” Pp. 61-77 in Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel (Eds.) Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment New York: Monthly Review Press.
Heffernan, William D. 1994. “Agricultural Profits: Who Gets Them Now, And Who Will In The Future.” Paper presented at the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, Ames.
Hefferan, William D. and Judith Bortner Heffernan. 1986. “Impact of the Farm Crisis on Rural Families and Communities.” The Rural Sociologist 6(3): 160-170.
Hilgartner, Stephen and Bosk C.L. 1988. “The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model. American Journal of Sociology 94(1):53-78.
Hoag, Dana L. 1999. Agricultural Crisis in America: A Reference Handbook Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
House Committee on Agriculture (HCA). 1984. Long-Term Farm Policy to Succeed
the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. Parts I thru V. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chair: E. (Kika) de la Garza (D), Texas
Jessop, Bob. 1999. “The Changing Governance of Welfare: Recent Trends in its Primary Functions, Scale, and Modes of Coordination.” Social Policy and Administration 33(4): 348-359.
Joint Economic Committee (JEC) and the Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation. 1985. The Economic Evolution of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chair: Roger Jepsen (R), Iowa.
Joint Economic Committee (JEC) and the Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation. 1984. Toward the Next Generation of Farm Policy: A Staff Study. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chair: Roger Jepsen (R), Iowa.
Joint Economic Committee (JEC) and the Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation. 1983. Toward the Next Generation of Farm Policy. Hearings Parts I thru III. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chairs: Roger Jepsen (R), Iowa and James Abdnor (R), South Dakota.
Kenney, Martin, Linda M. Lobao, James Curry, and W. Richard Goe. 1989. "Midwestern Agriculture in U.S. Fordism: From the New Deal to economic restructuring." Sociologia Ruralis. 29(2): 131-148.
Kleinman, Daniel Lee. 1995. Politics on the Endless Frontier: Postwar Research Policy in the United States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Knutson, Ronald D., J.B. Penn, and William T. Boehm. 1995. Agriculture and Food Policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lash, Scott and John Urry. 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage
Publications Inc.
________. 1987. The End of Organized Capitalism. Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press.
Lauck, Jon. 2000. American Agriculture and the Problem of Monopoly: The Political Economy of Grain Belt Farming, 1953-1980 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Lazerson, Mark. 1993. “Future Alternatives of Work Reflected in the Past: Putting-Out Production in Modena.” Pp. 403-428 in Richard Swedberg (Ed.) Explorations in Economic Sociology New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Lesher, William G. 1984. “Future Agriculture Policy: A Challenge for All.” Pp. 37-72 in Gordon C. Rausser and Kenneth R. Farrell (Eds.) Alternative Agricultural and Food Policies and the 1985 Farm Bill. Berkeley: Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics at the University of California.
Lewontin, R.C. 2000. “The Maturing of Capitalist Agriculture: Farmer as Proletarian.” Pp. 93-106 in Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel. Hungry For Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Lyson, Thomas A. 1986. “Who Cares about the Farmer? Apathy and the Current Farm Crisis.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 490-502.
Mann, Susan and James Dickinson. 1978. "Obstacles to the development of capitalist agriculture." The Journal of Peasant Studies. 5(4): 466-481.
McMichael, Philip. 1996. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
________. 1987. “Bringing Circulation Back into Agricultural Political Economy: Analyzing the Antebellum Plantation in its World Economy Context.” Rural Sociology 52(2): 242-263.
Mooney, Patrick. 1988. My Own Boss? Class, Rationality and the Family Farm. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
________. 1986. “The Political Economy of Credit in American Agriculture.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 449-470.
Murdock, Steve H., Don E. Albrecht, Rita R. Hamm, F. Larry Leistritz, and Arlen G. Leholm. 1986. “The farm crisis in the Great Plans: Implication for theory and policy development.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 406-435.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. 2000. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
O’Riain, Sean. 2000. “States and Markets in an Era of Globalization.” Pp. 187-217. Annual Review of Sociology Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc.
Perry, Charles. 1982. “The Rationalization of U.S. Farm Labor: Trends Between 1956-1979.” Rural Sociology 47(4): 670-679.
Pfeffer, Max J. 1992. “Sustainable Agriculture in Historical Perspective.” Agriculture and Human Values 9(4): 4-11.
________. 1983. “Social Origins of Three Systems of Farm Production in the United States.” Rural Sociology 48(4): 540-562.
Piore, Michael J. and Charles F. Sable. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
Pugliese, Enrico. 1991. “Agriculture and the New Division of Labor.” In W.H. Friedland, L. Busch, F.H. Buttel and A. Rudy (eds.) Towards a New Political Economy of Agriculture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Reich, Robert. 1992. The Work of Nations. New York: Vintage Books.
Schertz, Lyle P. and Otto C. Doering III. 1999. The Making of the 1996 Farm Act. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a state : how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shellenbarger, Sue and Jeffrey H. Birnbaum. 1983. "Lost Exports: Long U.S. Dominance In World Grain Trade Is Slowly Diminishing." Wall Street Journal 19 May: 1,27.
Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1965. "Social Structure and Organizations." Pp. 142-193 in James G. March (Ed.) Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Thomas, Robert J. 1985. Citizenship, Gender, and Work: Social Organization of Industrial Agriculture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wardell, Mark. 1992. “Changing Organizational Forms: From the Bottom Up.” In Michael Reed and Michael Hughes (eds.) Rethinking Organization. London: Sage Publications.
Weiss, Linda. 1997. “Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State.” New Left Review #225: 3-27.
Wilkening, Eugene and Jess Gilbert. 1987. “Family Farming in the United States.” Pp. 271-302 in Boguslaw Galeski and Eugene Wilkening (eds.) Family Farming in Europe and America Boulder and London: Westview Press.
Banaji, J. 1980. “A Summary of Selected Parts of Kautsky’s The Agrarian Question.”
In F.H. Buttel and H. Newby (eds.), The Rural Sociology of the Advanced Societies. Montclair, N.J.: Allanheld, Osmound and Co.
Barnet, Richard and John Cavanagh. 1994. Global Dreams: Imperial Corporations and the New World Order. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Bonanno, Alessandro, Lawrence Busch, William Friedland, Lourdes Gouveia, and Enzo Mingione. 1994. From Columbus to ConAgra: The Globalization of Agriculture and Food. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
Bonanno, Alessandro. 1991. "The Restructuring of the Agricultural and Food System: Social and Economic Equity in the Reshaping of the Agrarian Question and the Food Question." Agriculture and Human Values 8(4): 72-82.
________. 1987. Small Farms. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Braverman, Harry. 1974. Labor and Monopoly Capitalism. New York: Monthly Review
Press.
Brenner, Robert. 1998. “The Economics of Global Turbulence.” New Left Review #229(May/June).
Browne, William P. 1988. Private Interests, Public Policy, and American Agriculture. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas.
Bultena, Gordon, Paul Lasely, and Jack Geller. 1986. “The farm crisis: Patterns and impacts of financial distress among Iowa farm families.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 436-438.
Buttel, Frederick H., Olaf F. Larson, and Gilbert W. Gillespie Jr. 1990. The Sociology of Agriculture. New York: Greenwood Press.
Buttel, Frederick H. 1989. “The U.S. Farm Crisis and the Restructuring of American Agriculture: Domestic and International Dimensions.” Pp. 46-83. In D. Goodman and M. Redclift (eds.) The International Farm Crisis. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
Cochrane, Willard W. 1993. The Development of American Agriculture: A Historical Analysis. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Constance, Douglas H. and William D. Heffernan. 1991. “The Global Poultry Agro/Food Complex.” International Journal of Sociology of Agriculture and Food. 1: 126-141.
Constance, Douglas H., Jere L. Gilles, and William D. Heffernan. 1990. “Agrarian Policies and Agricultural Systems in the United States.” In Alessandro Bonanno (ed.) Agrarian Policies and Agricultural Systems. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Country Life Commission. 1911. Report on the Commission on Country Life. New York: Sturgis & Walton Company.
Danbom, David B. 1979. The Resisted Revolution: Urban America and the Industrialization of Agriculture, 1900-1930. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.
Fite, Gilbert. 1981. American Farmers: The New Minority. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Fite, Gilbert C. and Jim E. Reese. 1965. An Economic History of the United States. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Friedmann, Harriet and Philip McMichael. 1989. “Agriculture and the State System: The rise and decline of national agricultures, 1870 to the present.” Sociologia Ruralis. 21:93-117.
Gilbert, Jess and Carolyn Howe. 1991. “Beyond ‘State vs. Society’: Theories of the State and New Deal Agricultural Policies” American Sociological Review 56(April): 204-220.
Glenna, Leland L. 1999. “Systemic Constraints to Ecological Well-being: The Case of the 1985 Food Security Act.” Rural Sociology 64(1): 131-155.
Green, Gary P. 1987. Finance Capital and Uneven Development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
________. 1984. “Credit and agriculture: some consequences of the centralization of the banking system.” Rural Sociology 49(4): 568-579.
Halcrow, Harold G., Robert G.F. Spitze, and Joyce E. Allen-Smith. 1994. Food & Agricultural Policy: Economics and Politics. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc.
Harl, Neil E. 1990. The farm debt crisis of the 1980s Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Heffernan, William D. 2000. “Concentration of Ownership and Control in Agriculture.” Pp. 61-77 in Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel (Eds.) Hungry for Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment New York: Monthly Review Press.
Heffernan, William D. 1994. “Agricultural Profits: Who Gets Them Now, And Who Will In The Future.” Paper presented at the Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture at Iowa State University, Ames.
Hefferan, William D. and Judith Bortner Heffernan. 1986. “Impact of the Farm Crisis on Rural Families and Communities.” The Rural Sociologist 6(3): 160-170.
Hilgartner, Stephen and Bosk C.L. 1988. “The rise and fall of social problems: A public arenas model. American Journal of Sociology 94(1):53-78.
Hoag, Dana L. 1999. Agricultural Crisis in America: A Reference Handbook Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
House Committee on Agriculture (HCA). 1984. Long-Term Farm Policy to Succeed
the Agriculture and Food Act of 1981. Parts I thru V. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chair: E. (Kika) de la Garza (D), Texas
Jessop, Bob. 1999. “The Changing Governance of Welfare: Recent Trends in its Primary Functions, Scale, and Modes of Coordination.” Social Policy and Administration 33(4): 348-359.
Joint Economic Committee (JEC) and the Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation. 1985. The Economic Evolution of Agriculture. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chair: Roger Jepsen (R), Iowa.
Joint Economic Committee (JEC) and the Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation. 1984. Toward the Next Generation of Farm Policy: A Staff Study. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chair: Roger Jepsen (R), Iowa.
Joint Economic Committee (JEC) and the Subcommittee on Agriculture and Transportation. 1983. Toward the Next Generation of Farm Policy. Hearings Parts I thru III. Washington, D.C.: USGPO. Chairs: Roger Jepsen (R), Iowa and James Abdnor (R), South Dakota.
Kenney, Martin, Linda M. Lobao, James Curry, and W. Richard Goe. 1989. "Midwestern Agriculture in U.S. Fordism: From the New Deal to economic restructuring." Sociologia Ruralis. 29(2): 131-148.
Kleinman, Daniel Lee. 1995. Politics on the Endless Frontier: Postwar Research Policy in the United States. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Knutson, Ronald D., J.B. Penn, and William T. Boehm. 1995. Agriculture and Food Policy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Lash, Scott and John Urry. 1994. Economies of Signs and Space. London: Sage
Publications Inc.
________. 1987. The End of Organized Capitalism. Madison: University of Wisconsin
Press.
Lauck, Jon. 2000. American Agriculture and the Problem of Monopoly: The Political Economy of Grain Belt Farming, 1953-1980 Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
Lazerson, Mark. 1993. “Future Alternatives of Work Reflected in the Past: Putting-Out Production in Modena.” Pp. 403-428 in Richard Swedberg (Ed.) Explorations in Economic Sociology New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Lesher, William G. 1984. “Future Agriculture Policy: A Challenge for All.” Pp. 37-72 in Gordon C. Rausser and Kenneth R. Farrell (Eds.) Alternative Agricultural and Food Policies and the 1985 Farm Bill. Berkeley: Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics at the University of California.
Lewontin, R.C. 2000. “The Maturing of Capitalist Agriculture: Farmer as Proletarian.” Pp. 93-106 in Fred Magdoff, John Bellamy Foster, and Frederick H. Buttel. Hungry For Profit: The Agribusiness Threat to Farmers, Food, and the Environment. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Lyson, Thomas A. 1986. “Who Cares about the Farmer? Apathy and the Current Farm Crisis.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 490-502.
Mann, Susan and James Dickinson. 1978. "Obstacles to the development of capitalist agriculture." The Journal of Peasant Studies. 5(4): 466-481.
McMichael, Philip. 1996. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
________. 1987. “Bringing Circulation Back into Agricultural Political Economy: Analyzing the Antebellum Plantation in its World Economy Context.” Rural Sociology 52(2): 242-263.
Mooney, Patrick. 1988. My Own Boss? Class, Rationality and the Family Farm. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
________. 1986. “The Political Economy of Credit in American Agriculture.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 449-470.
Murdock, Steve H., Don E. Albrecht, Rita R. Hamm, F. Larry Leistritz, and Arlen G. Leholm. 1986. “The farm crisis in the Great Plans: Implication for theory and policy development.” Rural Sociology 51(4): 406-435.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. 2000. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
O’Riain, Sean. 2000. “States and Markets in an Era of Globalization.” Pp. 187-217. Annual Review of Sociology Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews Inc.
Perry, Charles. 1982. “The Rationalization of U.S. Farm Labor: Trends Between 1956-1979.” Rural Sociology 47(4): 670-679.
Pfeffer, Max J. 1992. “Sustainable Agriculture in Historical Perspective.” Agriculture and Human Values 9(4): 4-11.
________. 1983. “Social Origins of Three Systems of Farm Production in the United States.” Rural Sociology 48(4): 540-562.
Piore, Michael J. and Charles F. Sable. 1984. The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
Pugliese, Enrico. 1991. “Agriculture and the New Division of Labor.” In W.H. Friedland, L. Busch, F.H. Buttel and A. Rudy (eds.) Towards a New Political Economy of Agriculture. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Reich, Robert. 1992. The Work of Nations. New York: Vintage Books.
Schertz, Lyle P. and Otto C. Doering III. 1999. The Making of the 1996 Farm Act. Ames: Iowa State University Press.
Scott, James C. 1998. Seeing like a state : how certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Shellenbarger, Sue and Jeffrey H. Birnbaum. 1983. "Lost Exports: Long U.S. Dominance In World Grain Trade Is Slowly Diminishing." Wall Street Journal 19 May: 1,27.
Stinchcombe, Arthur. 1965. "Social Structure and Organizations." Pp. 142-193 in James G. March (Ed.) Handbook of Organizations. Chicago: Rand-McNally.
Thomas, Robert J. 1985. Citizenship, Gender, and Work: Social Organization of Industrial Agriculture. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Wardell, Mark. 1992. “Changing Organizational Forms: From the Bottom Up.” In Michael Reed and Michael Hughes (eds.) Rethinking Organization. London: Sage Publications.
Weiss, Linda. 1997. “Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State.” New Left Review #225: 3-27.
Wilkening, Eugene and Jess Gilbert. 1987. “Family Farming in the United States.” Pp. 271-302 in Boguslaw Galeski and Eugene Wilkening (eds.) Family Farming in Europe and America Boulder and London: Westview Press.
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