The Rural under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Union: Sustainable Rural Development aspects of Pillar II in Finland and Estonia
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.sidebar##
Abstract
National ministries of agriculture and competent EU authorities currently have the reforms of the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) high on their agendas in terms of planning and designing the upcoming programmatic period. Also subjected to this debate are the allocation of the budget to each pillar and their territorial impact.
The interest of this article lies with two interrelated aspects. The first comprises an overview of the Pillar II budget and how this is allocated within EU member states. The second considers how these measures relate and contribute to the improvement of the socio-economic situation and the state of the environment in rural areas of the EU in general, and in Estonia and Finland in particular. Seemingly, the way funding has been allocated thus far, with a heavy focus on agriculture and directly related activities, is not appropriately suited to facilitate a holistic improvement of the state of rural areas of the EU, while it does not reflect the contemporary economic transition processes in these areas. In terms of protection of the agri-environment, Finland exhibits an unprecedented coverage of areas under environmental support measures, as a Pillar II component, while implementation of the same policy in Estonia results currently in the coverage of less than half of the potential areas. The imbalances in the two countries in terms of actual financial support per hectare are also considerable.
To facilitate sustainable development in such areas as a whole, policy streaming should not be broken down into objectives to be reached via broad actions that address particular sectors, and it should not attend to the satisfaction of sectoral interests. Rural areas and their economies, in terms of sustainable development, should be approached in an integrated manner, enabling this process to advance in a holistic and territorial fashion, taking into account all the necessary dimensions of sustainability.
How to Cite
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Anders, S., Harsche, J., Herrmann, R. and Salhofer, K. (2004) Regional income effects of producer support under the CAP, Cahiers d’economie et sociologie rurales, 73, pp. 104–121.
Baldock, D. and Hart, K. (2013) A Greener CAP: Still within reach? Presented at the Institute for European Environmental Policy, published online
Barca, F. (2009) An Agenda for a Reformed Cohesion Policy – A Place-based Approach to Meeting European Union Challenges and Expectations. Published online
Bollman, R.D. (2006) The demographic overlap of agriculture and rural economy: Implications for the coherence of agriculture and rural policies, in: D. Diak ossavvas (ed.) Coherence of Agricultural and Rural Development Policies. Paris: OECD, pp. 95–112.
Breman, B.C. and Pinto Correia, M.T. (2003) Coping with Marginalisation and Multifunctional Land Use in Portugal: A National Inventory for the Eurolan Project. Évora: Departamento de Planeamento Biofísico e Paisagístico, Universidade de Évora.
Breman, B., Vihinen, H., Tap io-Biström, M.L. and Pinto Correia, M.T. (2010) Disentangling marginalisation processes at the periphery of Europe: a challenge for more diversified regional policies, Public Administration, 88(2), pp. 364–380.
Bryden, J. (2010) European Rural Policy: Old Wine in Old Bottles: Is It Corked? Oslo: Norwegian Agricultural Economics Research Institute.
Committee of the Regions (2010) Projet d’avis d’initiative de la commission des ressources naturelles ‘Le futur de la PAC apres 2013’. Published online
Critica (2007) Quelles orientations pour le developement rural en Europe pour la periode 2007/2013? Paris: CNASEA-INEA.
Diakossavvas, D. (ed.) (2006) Coherence of Agricultural and Rural Development. Paris: OECD.
Dwyer, J., Baldock, D., Beaufoy, G., Bennett, H.D., Lowe, P. and Ward, N. (2002) Europe’s Rural Futures: The Nature of Rural Development II, Rural Development in an Enlarging European Union. Gland: WWF Europe.
Dwyer, J., Ward, N., Lowe, P. and Baldock, D. (2007) European Rural development under the common agricultural policy’s ‘second pillar’: institutional conservatism and innovation, Regional Studies, 41(7), pp. 873–888.
European Commission (2009a) Rural Development Policy 2007–2013: Country Files. Published online
European Commission (2009b) Rural Development in the European Union: Statistical and Economic Information. Published online
European Rural Alliance (2010) Future Rural Policy within the EU. Published online
Eurostat (2009) Rural Development Report 2009. Published online http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home (accessed 1 August 2012).
Goldenberg, S. (2011) Rio+20 summit co-ordinator seeks to put agriculture centre stage, The Guardian, 2 September. Published online:
Groth, M. (2009) The Transferability and Performance of Payment-by-results Biodiversity Conservation Procurement Auctions: Empirical Evidence from Northernmost Germany, Working Paper Series in Economics No. 119. University of Lüneburg. Published online
Hart, K. and Menadue, H. (2013) Equivalence Mechanisms Used for Complying with Greening Requirements under the New Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Published online
Kataja mäki, H. (1991) Suomen maaseudun suuri kertomus, Terra, 103, pp. 173–183.
Kauppi, N. (2002) Elements for a Structural Constructivist Theory of Politics and of European Integration, Working Paper Series 104, Minda de Gunzburg Center for European Studies, Harvard University. Published online
Knickel, K. and Renting, H. (2000) Methodological and conceptual issues in the study of multifunctionality and rural development, Sociologia Ruralis, 40(4), pp. 512–528.
Kuhmonen, T. (1996) Maatalouden alueellinen rakennekehitys ja rakennepolitiikka, Selvityksiä 9. Sonkajärvi and Vesanto: Suomen Aluetutkimus FAR and Fin-Auguuri Oy.
Kuhmonen, T. (1998) Agenda 2007: Suomen maatalouden EU-historia ja tulevaisuus (English abstract: Agenda 2007 – The Past and the Future of Finnish Agriculture under the C.A.P.), Maaseudun tulevaisuusselvityksiä 4. Vesanto: Fin-Auguuri.
Land Use Policy Group and Bundesamt für Naturschutz (2007) Future Policies for Rural Europe: 2013 and Beyond: Delivering Sustainable Rural Land Management in a Changing Europe. Report of the conference ‘Future Policies for Rural Europe 2013 and Beyond Delivering Sustainable Rural Land Management in a Changing Europe’, Brussels, 19–20 September.
Linden, M., Aakk ula, J., Voutilainen, O., Kuhmonen, T., Ponnika s, J., Kytölä, L., Juntunen, T., Keränen, R. and Tiainen, T. (2008) Politiikan muutoksen vaikutukset alueisiin ja maaseutuväestöön (Vaihe II), Selvityksiä 35. Sonkajärvi: Suomen Aluetutkimus FAR.
Lowe, P., Feindt, P., Laschewski, L. and Vihinen, H. (2010) Greening agriculture and the countryside? Changing frameworks of EU agricultural policy, Public Administration, 88(2), pp. 287–295.
Malinen, P., Kytölä, L., Keränen, H. and Keränen, R. (2006) Suomen maaseututyypit 2006, Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö 7/2006. Helsinki: Maa- ja metsätalousministeriö.
MMM(Maa - ja metsätalousministeriö) (2012) Rural Development Programme for Mainland Finland 2007–2013. Published online
OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2006) The New Rural Paradigm: Policies and Governance. Paris: OECD.
OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2008a) OECD Rural Policy Reviews: Finland. Paris: OECD.
OECD(Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) (2008b) The Role of Farm Households and the Agro-food Sector in the Economy of Rural Areas: Evidence and Policy Implication. Paris: OECD.
Ostrom, E., Gardner, R. and Walker, J. (1994) Rules, Games, and Common-Pool Resources. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Ploeg, J.D. van der and Marsden T. (eds) (2008) Unfolding Webs: The Dynamics of Regional Rural Development. Assen: Royal Van Gorcum.
Psaltopoulos, D., Balamou, E., Skuras, D., Ratinger, T. and Sieber, S. (2011) Modelling the impacts of CAP Pillar 1 and 2 measures on local economies in Europe: testing a case study-based CGE-model approach, Journal of Policy Modeling, 33(1), pp. 53–56.
Pyykk önen, P. (2001) Maatalouden rakennemuutos eri alueilla, Pellervon taloudellisen tutkimuslaitoksen julkaisuja n:o 180. Helsinki: Pellervon taloudellinen tutkimuslaitos.
Schmidt-Thomé, K. and Vihinen, H. (2006) Rural areas: urban–rural interaction and beyond, in: H. Eskelinen and T. Hirvonen (eds) Positioning Finland in a European Space. Helsinki: Sisäasiainministeriö ja ympäristöministeriö, pp. 41–53.
Shucksmith, M., Thomson, J.K. and Roberts, D. (eds) (2005) The CAP and the Regions: The Territorial Impact of the Common Agricultural Policy. Wallingford: CABI International.
Statistics Finland. Maaseutuindikaattorit. Published online
Terluin, I. (2001) Rural Regions in the EU: Exploring Differences in Economic Development, Netherlands Geographical Studies 289. Utrecht and Groningen: Koninklijk Nederlands Aardrijkskundig Genootschap and Faculteit der Ruimtelijke Wetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen.
Terluin, I. (2003) Differences in economic development in rural regions of advanced countries: an overview and critical analysis of theories, Journal of Rural Studies, 19(3), pp. 327–344.
Tietz, A. and Graj ewski, R. (2009) Rural development programmes 2007–2013: differences in EU member states’ financial allocations, EuroChoices, 8(1), pp. 30–31.
Tike (2011) Maatilatilastollinen vuosikirja 2011. Helsinki: Edita Prima.
Uthes, S., Piorr, A., Zander, P., Bie?kowski, J., Ungaro, F., Dalgaa rd, T., Stolze, M., Moschitz, H., Schader, C., Happ e, K., Sah rba cher, A., Damgaa rd, M., Toussaint, V., Sattler, C., Reinha rdt, F.-J., Kjeldsen, C., Casini, L. and Müller, K. (2011) Regional impacts of abolishing direct payments: an integrated analysis in four European regions, Agricultural Systems, 104, pp. 110–121.
Uusitalo, E. (2009) Maaseutu – väliinputoajasta ja maatalouspolitiikan puristuksessa, Ruralia-instituuttin julkaisuja 17. Helsinki, University of Helsinki.
Vihinen, H., Tap io-Biström, M.L. and Voutilainen, O. (2005) Rural Marginalisation and Multifunctional Land Use in Finland, MTT Agrifood Research Working Papers 103. Published online
Voutilainen, O. (2012) Relationship between Agricultural and Rural Development within the Context of the European Union’s Common Agricultural Policy: the Case of Finland, MTT Agrifood Research Finland, MTT Science 19. Published online
Voutilainen, O., Vihinen, H. and Wuori, O. (2009) Maatalous, maaseutu ja tukien kohdentuminen, MTT Kasvu 7. Published online
WCED (World Commission on Environment and Development) (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Zahrnt, V. (2009) Public Money for Public Goods: Winners and Losers from CAP Reform, ECIPE Working Paper 08/2009. Published online
CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/
You are free to:
Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format
Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material for any purpose, even commercially.
This license is acceptable for Free Cultural Works.
The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms.
Under the following terms:
Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use.
No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.